ULUSLARARASI SORUMLULUK HUKUKUNDA DEVLETLERİN AĞIRLAŞTIRILMIŞ SORUMLULUĞU: KURAMSAL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Sorumluluk hukuku kuralları, uluslararası hukukun bugüne kadar üzerinde en zor uzlaşmayavarılan alanlarından biri olmuştur. Söz konusu alandaki belirsizlikleri ortadan kaldırmayı vesorumluluk hukukuna ilişkin kuralları netleştirmeyi amaçlayan ve Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonutarafından 2001 yılında kabul edilen Devletlerin Uluslararası Haksız FiillerindenKaynaklanan Sorumluluğunu Düzenleyen Maddeler Metni, uluslararası sorumluluğun ikincilkurallarına ilişkin teamül hukukunu yansıtmakta ve sorumluluk alanında yeni müesseselertesis etmektedir. Uluslararası hukuk kurallarının ihlâlinin, söz konusu kuralların niteliğine olursa olsun aynı sorumluluk mekanizmasına mı tâbi tutulacağı yoksa bazı kurallarınihlâlinin özel bir sorumluluk şeması dâhilinde mi değerlendirileceği meselesi üzerinde uzunyıllar çalışan Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu, devletlerin uluslararası sorumluluklarının,ihlâl edilen uluslarası yükümlülüğün niteliğine göre bir başka devlete, birden çok devleteveya uluslararası toplumun geneline karşı doğabileceğini hükme bağlamıştır. Metinde“genel uluslararası hukukun emredici kurallarından kaynaklanan yükümlülüklerin ağırihlâlleri” düzenlenmiş ve bir devletin, uluslararası hukukun emredici hükümlerinden doğanbir yükümlülüğünün ağır ihlâli halinde, mağdur devletin yanı sıra, diğer tüm devletlerinyükümlülüğünü ihlâl eden devletin sorumluluğunu ileri sürebileceği ifade edilmiştir.Böylece, klâsik uluslararası hukukta iki taraflı bir ilişki telâkki edilen sorumluluk ilişkisi,söz konusu ihlâllerin varlığı halinde çok taraflı bir kimliğe büründürülmüştür. Makale,uluslararası hukukta “ağırlaştırılmış sorumluluk” olarak adlandırılan bu mekanizmanınoluşturulma sürecini ve işleyiş kurallarını incelemektedir.
AGGRAVATED RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A THEORETICAL ASSESSMENT
State responsibility has always been one of the most controversial areasof international law. Adopted by the International Law Commission in 2001, the Articleson the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts which aimed to clarifythe rules of international law on State responsibility, not only codify the customary lawrelated to the secondary rules of international responsibility, but also create new institutions.Whether all violations of international rules should be submitted to a unique law ofresponsibility or violations of some international rules should be treated under a specificresponsibility schema has, for a longtime, occupied the International Law Commission.The final draft provides that responsibility of a State can be owed to a State, a group ofStates or the international community as a whole according to the nature of the violatedobligation. The articles regulate “serious breaches of obligations under peremptory norms ofgeneral international law”; and provide that in case of these breaches, not only the injuredstates, but all states can invoke responsibility. By this way, State responsibility which, inclassical international law, is considered as creating a bilateral relationship, acquires amultilateral character. This article analyzes the processes involving the establishment andthe procedural rules of this mechanism called “aggravated responsibility”.
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