Zaman Algısında Duygunun Rolünün İncelenmesi

Bir olayın süresi çok sayıda içsel ve dışsal etkenlere bağlı olarak gerçekte olduğundan daha uzun ya da kısa algılanabilir. Güncel çalışmalar genel olarak duygunun, daha özelde ise duygusal uyarılmışlığın zaman algısının bozulması üzerindeki rolüne vurgu yapmaktadır. Çok sayıda çalışma negatif ve yüksek uyarıcı duyguların (örn., korku), bir olayın süresini daha uzun algılamaya yol açtığını göstermektedir. Ancak, diğer pek çok bilişsel süreçte olduğu gibi duygunun çeşitli boyutlarının da (motivasyon, belirsizlik, bilişsel değerlendirmeler...) zaman algısının bozulmasında rol oynayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, zaman algısı çalışmalarında uyarılmışlığın tanımı, kullanılan uyaranların türü ve deneysel kontroller ile ilgili bazı kuramsal ve yöntemsel yaklaşım farklılıkları bulunmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı zaman algısının bozulmasının altında yatan mekanizmaları tanıtmak, duygu ve zaman algısına ilişkin güncel araştırma bulgularını ve boyutsal yaklaşım temelli açıklamaları ortaya koymak, çalışmalardaki yöntemsel sorunları ve sınırlılıkları ortaya çıkartmak ve mevcut araştırma bulgularına duyguyu çeşitli boyutlar açısından ele alan ‘değerlendirme yaklaşımları’ temelinde alternatif açıklamalar sunmaktır. Duygusal olayların içerdiği belirsizlik, kişinin amacına uygunluğu, uyaranın yeni ya da tanıdık olması gibi özelliklerin farklı bilişsel değerlendirmelere yol açtığı yaygın olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ancak zaman algısı alan yazınında, çoğunlukla bilişsel değerlendirmelerin etkisi göz ardı edilerek duygu iki boyutlu (değerlik ve uyarılmışlık) bir yapı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışma, duyguların değerlik ve uyarılmışlık boyutlarının yanında, içsel bilişsel değerlendirmelerin de zaman algısında rol oynayabileceğini ve mevcut çelişkili bulguların açıklanmasında değerlendirme kuramlarının önerdiği amaçla uyumluluk, yenilik, belirsizlik-kesinlik, aktör gibi boyutların kapsamlı bir çerçeve sunabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Gelecek çalışmalarda, değerlendirme kuramlarının önerdiği boyutların doğrudan test edilmesi ve bu boyutlar özelinde deneysel kontrollerin sağlanmasıyla zamanın algılanmasında duygunun rolü daha iyi anlaşılabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Zaman algısı, duygu, duygusal uyarılmışlık, değerlendirme kuramları, zamansal bozulma

An Investigation of the Role of Emotion on Time Perception

Depending on many internal and external factors, the duration of an event may be perceived as longer or shorter than its actual duration. Current research emphasizes the impact of emotion in general, and emotional arousal in particular, on time perception distortion. Many studies have shown that unpleasant and highly aroused emotions (such as fear) cause people to perceive an event to last longer. However, as in many other cognitive processes, it is thought that various dimensions of emotion (motivation, uncertainty, cognitive evaluations, and so on) may play a role in the deterioration of time perception. Nonetheless, there are some theoretical and methodological differences in the time perception studies, such as the definition of arousal, the types of stimuli employed, and experimental controls. The aim of this review is fourfold: (1) introduce the mechanisms underlying the deterioration of time perception, (2) present the current research findings and dimensional approaches on emotion and time perception, (3) reveal the methodological issues and limitations of the studies, and (4) provide alternate interpretations for existing study findings based on appraisal theories that consider several dimensions of emotion. It is commonly agreed that some characteristics, such as the uncertainty of emotional events, the compatibility of the purpose of the perceiver, and the novelty or familiarity of stimulus lead to different cognitive appraisals. However, in the time perception literature, emotion is considered as a two-dimensional structure (valence and arousal), mostly ignoring the effect of cognitive appraisals. This review suggests that internal cognitive evaluations, in addition to the valence and arousal dimensions of emotions, may play a role in time perception and that appraisal theories’ suggested dimensions, such as goal relevance, novelty, uncertainty-certainty, and agency, may provide a comprehensive framework for explaining the current contradictory findings. Future research will focus on explicitly evaluating the aspects indicated by appraisal theories and establishing experimental controls for these dimensions to better understand the function of emotion in time perception.

Keywords:

Time perception, emotion, emotional arousal, appraisal theories, temporal distortion,

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