Pozitif ve Negatif Duyguları Düzenleme: Perth Duygu Düzenlemede Yetkinlik Envanterinin Türkçe Uyarlama Çalışması

Güncel alanyazına göre, farklı psikopatolojilerin etiyolojik ve sürdürücü faktörlerinden birinin tanılar üstü olarak değerlendirilen duygu düzenleme yapısı olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Perth Duygu Düzenlemede Yetkinlik Envanterinin (Perth DDYE; Preece ve ark., 2018) Türkçe formunun ulusal alanyazına kazandırılması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesidir. Çalışma örneklemi, 461 katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların %77.4’ü kadın, %22.3’ü erkek olup yaş ortalaması 21.49’dur.Çalışma kapsamında ilk olarak, Perth DDYE çeviri-geri çeviri yöntemiyle İngilizceden Türkçeye uyarlanmıştır. Katılımcılar, demografik bilgi formunu, Perth DDYE’yi, Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeğini ve Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres Ölçeği-21’i doldurmuştur. Ölçek seti, katılımcılara online bir platform aracılığıyla uygulanmıştır.Geçerlik incelemeleri kapsamında, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmış, kümeleme analizi ile elde edilen gruplar arası karşılaştırmayapılmış ve Perth DDYE puanları ile duygu düzenleme ve depresyon, anksiyete ve stres puanları arasındaki Pearson korelasyon katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Ölçekten alınan puanların güvenirlik incelemesi için, Cronbach α ve McDonald ω güvenirlik katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Perth DDYE’nin faktör yapısına yönelik DFA bulguları, her biri dört maddeden oluşan sekiz birinci-düzey faktörün (negatif ve pozitif duygular içindeneyimi kontrol etme, davranışı engelleme, davranışı harekete geçirme, duyguları tolere etme), iki ikinci-düzey faktöre (negatif ve pozitif duyguları düzenleme) yüklendiğini göstermiştir. Negatif, pozitif ve genel duygu düzenleme puanları depresyon, anksiyete ve stres belirti değişkenleri ile beklendik yönde ilişkiler göstermiş ve yüksek, orta, düşük belirti grupları arasında anlamlı şekilde farklılaşmıştır. Tüm alt-ölçek puanları için yüksek güvenirlik katsayıları elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu bulgular, Perth DDYE’nin Türkçe formundan elde edilen puanların güvenirlik ve geçerliğine ilişkin kanıtlar sunmaktadır. Mevcut araştırma, ileride yürütülecek olan duygu düzenleme araştırmalarında duygu düzenleme ve diğer yapılar arasındaki ilişkileri pozitif ve negatif duygular bağlamında daha ayrıntılı bir bakış açısıyla incelemeyi mümkün kılan bir ölçme aracını ulusal alanyazına kazandırmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Perth Duygu Düzenlemede Yetkinlik Envanteri, duygu, duygu düzenleme, pozitif duyguları düzenleme, negatif duyguları düzenleme, psikopatoloji

Regulation of Positive and Negative Emotions: The Turkish Adaptation Study of the Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI)

The current literature suggests that emotion regulation, the mechanism of change in treatment, is the common etiological and maintenance factor for different psychopathologies. This study aims to conduct an adaptation study of the Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI; Preece et al., 2018) into Turkish and to examine the scale’s psychometric properties. The study sample consists of 461 participants, of whom 77.4% are female and 22.3% male with a mean age of 21.49 years old. The study first adapted PERCI from English to Turkish using the back translation method. Next, the participants completed a demographic information form, the Turkish version of PERCI; the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ); and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). The measurement set was applied to the participants using an online platform. The study then conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and compared the generated groups using cluster analysis, with the Pearson correlation coefficients being calculated for scores from the PERCI, the ERQ, and the DASS-21 within the scope of examining the validity of the Turkish version of PERCI. The study also calculated Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω for the reliability examination. The CFA findings for the factor structure of PERCI have revealed the scale to have eight first-order factors, each factor consisting of four items (i.e., controlling experience, inhibiting behavior, activating behavior, and tolerating emotions for both negative and positive emotions) being loaded onto two second-order factors (i.e., negative and positive emotion regulation). The negative, positive, and general emotion regulation scores showed expected correlations with the variables of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms and also indicated significant differences among the high, medium, and low symptom groups. High reliability coefficients were obtained for all of PERCI’s subscale scores. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the scores obtained from the Turkish version of PERCI. For future emotion regulation research, a measure that enables a more detailed examination of the relationships involved in emotion regulation in the context of positive and negative emotions and other structures has been brought to Türkiye’s national literature.

Keywords:

emotion, positive emotion regulation, psychopathology, Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory, emotion, emotion regulation, negative emotion regulation, positive emotion regulation, psychopathology Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory, emotion, emotion regulation, negative emotion regulation, positive emotion regulation, psychopathology,

PDF

___

Agargün, M. Y., Beşiroğlu, L., Kıran, Ü. K., Özer, Ö. A. ve Kara, H. (2005). The psychometric properties of the COPE inventory in Turkish sample: A preliminary research. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 6, 221-226. google scholar
Aksöz, İ., Bugay, A. ve Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Turkish adaptation of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 2642-2646. google scholar
Aldao, A. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 276-281. doi: 10.1037/a0023598 google scholar
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-237. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 google scholar
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G. ve Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(3), 263-278. doi: 10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4 google scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4. baskı). American Psychiatric Association. google scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5. baskı). American Psychiatric Association. google scholar
Asıcı, E., Ekiz, F. E. ve Karaca, R. (2018). Olumlu Duyguyu Düzenlemede Güçlükler Ölçeği (O-DDGÖ): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 26(5), 15891600. doi: 10.24106/kefdergi.2165 google scholar
Berking, M. ve Znoj, H. (2008). Development and validation of a self-report measure for the assessment of emotion-regulation skills. Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 56(2), 141-153. google scholar
Blanca, M. J., Alarcon, R., Arnau, J., Bono, R. ve Bendayan, R. (2017). Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option?. Psicothema, 29(4), 552-557. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2016.383 google scholar
Blanchard-Fields, F., Stein, R. ve Watson, T. L. (2004). Age differences in emotion regulation strategies in handling everyday problems. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59, 261-269. doi: 10.1093/geronb/59.6.p261 google scholar
Bonanno, G. A. ve Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591-612. doi: 10.1177/1745691613504116 google scholar
Carl, J. R., Soskin, D. P., Kerns, C. ve Barlow, D. H. (2013). Positive emotion regulation in emotional disorders: A theoretical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(3), 343-360. doi: 10.1016/j. cpr.2013.01.003 google scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. ve Charles, S. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 103-123. doi: 10.1023/A:1024569803230 google scholar
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. ve Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283. doi: 10.1037/00223514.56.2.267 google scholar
Catanzaro, S. J. ve Mearns, J. (1990). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: Initial scale development and implications. Journal ofPersonality Assessment, 54, 546-563. doi: 10.1080/00223891.1990.9674019 google scholar
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297334. doi: 10.1007/BF02310555 google scholar
De France, K. ve Hollenstein, T. (2017). Assessing emotion regulation repertoires: The regulation of emotion systems survey. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 204-215. doi: 10.1016/j. paid.2017.07.018 google scholar
Eldeleklioğlu, J. ve Eroğlu, Y. (2015). A Turkish adaptation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Journal ofHuman Sciences, 12(1), 1157-1168. doi: 10.14687/ijhs.v12i1.3144 google scholar
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS (4. baskı). Sage Publications. google scholar
Folkman, S. ve Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), 219-239. doi: 10.2307/2136617 google scholar
Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P. ve Mauss, I. B. (2018). The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115, 1075-1092. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000157 google scholar
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A.M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S. ve Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 849-864. doi: 10.1016/j. cpr.2010.03.002 google scholar
Garnefski, N. ve Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 141-149. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141 google scholar
Gratz, K. L. ve Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41-54. doi: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94 google scholar
Green, S. B. ve Yang, Y. (2009). Commentary on coefficient alpha: A cautionary tale. Psychometrika, 74(1), 121-135. doi: 10.1007/s11336-008-9098-4 google scholar
Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. American Psychological Association. google scholar
Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation içinde (s. 3-20). Guilford Press. google scholar
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 1-26. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781 google scholar
Gross, J. J. ve Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 387-401. doi: 10.1177/2167702614536164 google scholar
Gross, J. J. ve John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348362. doi: 10.1037/00223514.85.2.348 google scholar
Gross, J. J., Richards, J. M. ve John, O. P. (2006). Emotion regulation in everyday life. D. K. Snyder, J. A. Simpson ve J. N. Hughes (Ed.), Emotion regulation in couples and families: Pathways to dysfunction and health içinde (s. 13-35). American Psychological Association. google scholar
Gross, J. J., Sheppes, G. ve Urry, H. L. (2011). Emotion generation and emotion regulation:A distinction we should make (carefully). Cognition and Emotion, 25, 765-781. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.555753 google scholar
Gruber, J., Kogan, A., Quoidbach, J. ve Mauss, I. B. (2013). Happiness is best kept stable: Positive emotion variability is associated with poorer psychological health. Emotion, 13(1), 1-6. doi: 10.1037/a0030262 google scholar
Gullone, E. ve Taffe, J. (2012). The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA): A psychometric evaluation. Psychological Assessment, 24, 409-417. doi: 10.1037/ a0025777 google scholar
Izadpanah, S., Barnow, S., Neubauer, A. B. ve Holl, J. (2017). Development and validation of the Heidelberg Form for Emotion Regulation Strategies (HFERST): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Assessment, 1-27. doi: 1073191117720283 google scholar
Hayes, A. F. ve Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But... Communication Methods andMeasures, 14 (1), 1-24. doi: 10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629 google scholar
Henry, J. D. ve Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227-239. doi: 10.1348/014466505X29657 google scholar
Kring, A. M. ve Bachorowski, J. A. (1999). Emotions and psychopathology. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 575-599. doi: 10.1080/026999399379195 google scholar
Kring, A. M. ve Sloan, D. M. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. Guilford Press. google scholar
Lang, P. J. ve Bradley, M. M. (2010). Emotion and the motivational brain. Biological Psychology, 84, 437-450. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007 google scholar
Lovibond, P. F. ve Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U google scholar
Mak, A. K., Hu, Z. G., Zhang, J. X., Xiao, Z. W. ve Lee, T. M. (2009). Neural correlates of regulation of positive and negative emotions: An fMRI study. Neuroscience Letters, 457(2), 101-106. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.094 google scholar
Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H. ve Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5, 175-190. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175 google scholar
Mauss, I. B. ve Tamir, M. (2014). Emotion goals: How their content, structure, and operation shape emotion regulation. J. J. Gross (Ed.), The handbook of emotion regulation içinde (2. baskı, s. 361-375). Guilford Press. google scholar
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum. google scholar
McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(9), 544-554. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003 google scholar
McRae, K., Ciesielski, B. ve Gross, J. J. (2012). Unpacking cognitive reappraisal: Goals, tactics, and outcomes. Emotion, 12, 250-255. doi: 10.1037/a0026351 google scholar
McRae, K. ve Mauss, I. B. (2016). Increasing positive emotion in negative contexts: Emotional consequences, neural correlates, and implications for resilience. J. D. Greene, I. Morrison ve M. E. P. Seligman (Ed.), Positive neuroscience içinde (s. 159-174). Oxford University Press. google scholar
Mennin, D. S. ve Farach, F. J. (2007). Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psychopathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 329-352. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00094.x google scholar
Mennin, D. S., Holoway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T. ve Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38, 284-302. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001 google scholar
Miguel, F. K., Giromini, L., Colombarolli, M. S., Zuanazzi, A. C. ve Zennaro, A. (2017). A Brazilian investigation of the 36- and 16-Item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(9), 1146-1159. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22404 google scholar
Millgram,Y., Joormann, J., Huppert, J. D. veTamir, M. (2015). Sadas amatter ofchoice?Emotionregulation goals in depression. Psychological Science, 26, 1216-1228. doi:10.1177/0956797615583295 google scholar
Nelis, D., Quoidbach, J., Hansenne, M. and Mikolajczak, M., 2011. Measuring individual differences in emotion regulation: The emotion regulation profile-revised (ERP-R). Psychologica Belgica, 51(1), 49-91. doi: 10.5334/pb-51-1-49 google scholar
Neumann, A., van Lier, P. A., Gratz, K. L. ve Koot, H. M. (2010). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Assessment, 17(1), 138-149. doi: 10.1177/1073191109349579 google scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Aldao, A. (2011). Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(6), 704708. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012 google scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400-424. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x google scholar
Onat, O. ve Otrar, M. (2010). Bilişsel Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. MÜ Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 31, 123-143. google scholar
Orgeta, V. (2009). Specificity of age differences in emotion regulation. Aging and Mental Health, 13(6), 818-826. doi: 10.1080/13607860902989661 google scholar
Preece, D. A., Becerra, R., Robinson, K., Dandy, J. ve Allan, A. (2018). Measuring emotion regulation ability across negative and positive emotions: The Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI). Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 229-241. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.025 google scholar
Rugancı, R. N. ve Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 442-455. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20665 google scholar
Saarni, C., Campos, J. J., Camras, L. A. ve Witherington, D. (2006). Emotional development: Action, communication, and understanding. N. Eisenberg, W. Damon ve R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development içinde (s. 226-299). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. google scholar
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C. ve Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.). Emotion, disclosure, and health içinde (s. 125-154). American Psychological Association. google scholar
Senol-Durak, E., Durak, M. ve Elagöz, F. Ö. (2011). Testing the psychometric properties of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) in Turkish university students and community samples. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(2), 172-185. doi: 10.1002/cpp.677 google scholar
Schirda, B., Valentine, T. R., Aldao, A. ve Prakash, R. S. (2016). Age-related differences in emotion regulation strategies: Examining the role of contextual factors. Developmental Psychology, 52(9), 1370-1380.doi: 10.1037/dev0000194 google scholar
Schminder, E., Ziegler, M., Danay, E., Beyer, L. Ve Bühner, M. (2010). Is it really robust? Reinvestigating the robustness of ANOVA against violations of the normal distribution. European Research Journal of Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 6(4), 147-151. doi: 10.1027/1614-2241/a000016 google scholar
Sheppes, G., Suri, G. Ve Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 379-405. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739 google scholar
Stanton, K. ve Watson, D. (2014). Positive and negative affective dysfunction in psychopathology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(9), 555-567. doi: 10.1111/spc3.12132 google scholar
Tamir, M. (2009). What do people want to feel and why?: Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 101-105. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01617.x google scholar
Tamir, M. (2016). Why do people regulate their emotions? A taxonomy of motives in emotion regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 199-222. doi: 10.1177/1088868315586325 google scholar
Tamir, M., Vishkin ve Gutentag, T. (2020). Emotion regulation is motivated. Emotion, 20(1), 115-119. doi: 10.1037/emo0000635 google scholar
Tetik, S. ve Cenkseven Önder, F. (2021). Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 30(2), 87-100. doi: 10.35379/cusosbil.942135 google scholar
Tugade, M. M. ve Fredrickson, B. L. (2007). Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 311-333. doi:10.1007/ s10902-006-9015-4 google scholar
Y ıldırım, A., Boysan, M. ve Kefeli, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(5), 582-595. doi:10.1080/03069885.2018.1442558 google scholar
Y iğit, İ. ve Guzey Yiğit, M. (2019). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Diffuculties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 38, 1503-1511. doi: 10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7 google scholar
V atan, S. ve Oruçlular Kahya, Y. (2018). Duygu Düzenleme Becerileri Ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(2), 192-201. doi: 10.5455/ apd.260322 google scholar
Velotti, P., Rogier, G., Civilla, C., Garofalo, C., Serafini, G. ve Amore, M. (2020). Dysregulation of positive emotions across community, clinical and forensic samples using the Italian version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale-positive (DERS-positive). The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 31(4), 555-570. doi: 10.1080/14789949.2020.1776374 google scholar
Waugh, C. E. (2020). The roles of positive emotion in the regulation of emotional responses to negative events. Emotion, 20(1), 54-58. doi: 10.1037/emo0000625 google scholar
Waugh, C. E., Zarolia, P., Mauss, I. B., Luman, D. S., Ford, B. Q., Davis, T. S., Ciesielski, B. G., Sams, K. V. ve McRae, K. (2016). Emotion regulation changes the duration of the BOLD response to emotional stimuli. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(10), 1550-1559. doi: 10.1093/ scan/nsw067 google scholar
Webb, T. L., Miles, E. ve Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 775-808. doi: 10.1037/a0027600 google scholar
Weiss, N. H., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Peasant, C. ve Sullivan, T. P. (2018). An examination of the role of difficulties regulating positive emotions in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(5), 775-780. doi: 10.1002/jts.22330 google scholar
Weiss, N. H., Gratz, K. L. ve Lavender, J. M. (2015). Factor structure and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of difficulties in the regulation of positive emotions: The DERS-positive. Behavior Modification, 39, 431-453. doi: 10.1177/0145445514566504 google scholar
Werner, K. ve Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual framework. A. M. Kring ve D. M. Sloan (Ed.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology içinde (s. 13-32). Guilford Press. google scholar
Zimmermann, P. ve Iwanski, A. (2014). Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood: Age differences, gender differences, and emotion-specific developmental variations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 182-194. doi: 10.1177/0165025413515 google scholar
Zou, C., Plaks, J. E. ve Peterson, J. B. (2017). Don’t get too excited: Assessing individual differences in the down-regulation of positive emotions. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(1) 1-11. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2017.1339711 google scholar