Yaşlanma ve Karar Verme Süreçleri: Duygu Düzenlemenin Rolü

Bu çalışmada duygu düzenlemenin karar verme mekanizmaları üzerindeki etkilerinin ve bu etkilerin yaşlılık  döneminde uğradığı değişikliklerin, alan yazındaki çalışmalar ışığında incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Duygu düzenleme bireylerin olumsuz bir tecrübe karşısında duygularını kontrol ederek olumlu duygu durumunu muhafaza edebilme becerisi olarak tanımlanır. Duygu düzenleme becerisinin bireylerin kararları üzerinde yadsınamaz bir etkisi bulunur. Karar verme sürecinde duygu düzenleme becerisi kullanıldığında karar öncesinde algılanan risk ve kazanç-kayıp algısı değişir. Karar sonrasında ise hissedilen memnuniyet artarken, yas süreci daha çabuk atlatılır. Dolayısıyla karar verme süreci birden fazla aşamada duygu düzenlemeden etkilenir. Bu etki, mantıksal çıkarım yerine duygu ve dürtülere bağlı kararlarda daha güçlü bir biçimde görülür. Yaşamın ilerleyen yıllarında bireylerin duygu düzenleme becerileri gelişir ve bu değişim duygu düzenleme ile karar verme ilişkisini daha güçlü kılar. Yaşlılar olumlu duygulara odaklandığı için daha fazla risk alır. Ancak kararlarının sonucundan daha fazla tatmin olarak iyi oluş düzeylerini yüksek tutabilirler. Bu durum sağlıklı yaşlılarda daha belirginken sağlıksız yaşlılarda duygu düzenleme becerisinin kararlar üzerindeki etkisi daha zayıftır. Mevcut çalışmada yaşlılık sürecinde duygu düzenleme becerisinin karar öncesi ve sonrasındaki süreçler üzerindeki etkisi sistematik bir biçimde ele alınmıştır.  Bu çalışmada gelecek araştırmalar için teorik bir altyapı sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca bu ilişkilerin bilinmesi klinik alanda müdahale programları oluşturularak yaşlıların yaşam kalitelerini arttırmada kullanılabilir. 

Aging and Decision-Making Processes: The Role of Emotion Regulation

This review aims to investigate the effect of emotion regulation on decision-making processes in older age in light of previous literature. Emotion regulation is defined as maintaining the positive mood and/or controlling the negative mood. Emotion regulation influence decision-making processes especially under ambiguity. Individuals might try to make optimal decisions as using their emotions. However, this ability does not always lead to optimal decisions. Alternatively, they might regulate their emotions to increase decision satisfaction or overcome their loss. In fact, these effects are more powerful in emotionally charged decisions compared to consciously monitored and effortful decisions as defined in dual-processing model. Later in life, the effect of emotion regulation on pre- and post-decision processes increases due to the decline in cognitive skills and the improvement of emotion regulation skills. However, older adults with severe chronic and fatal diseases cannot use emotion regulation as effective as their healthy peers. This leads to a decrease in the likelihood of optimal decision-making in these patients who already experience reduced cognitive skills. The present study addresses the systematic effects of emotion regulation on pre- and post-decision processes across aging. One of the main aims of the study is to provide a theoretical background for future research. Furthermore, in the clinical field, the information gained from this review can be used to improve the quality of life in late years of life by developing intervention programs.

___

  • Anderson RN, Smith, BL (2005) Deaths: Leading causes for 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports : From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System (Vol. 53).
  • Baltes PB, Lindenberger U, Staudinger UM (2006) Life span theory in developmental psychology. In Handbook of Child Psychology: Volume 1: Theoretical Models of Human Developmant, 6th ed. (Eds W Damon, RM Lerner): 569–663.
  • Baltes PB, Staudinger UM, Lindenberger U (1999) Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 50: 471–507.
  • Bechara A (2004) The role of emotion in decision-making: Evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain and Cognition, 55: 30–40.
  • Bechara A (2005) Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective. Nature Neuroscience, 8: 1458–1463.
  • Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR, Lee GP (1999) Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience, 19: 5473–5481.
  • Ben-Zur H, Zeidner M (2009) Threat to life and risk-taking behaviors: A review of empirical findings and explanatory models. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13: 109–128.
  • Brand M, Markowitsch HJ (2010) Aging and decision-making: A neurocognitive perspective. Gerontology, 56: 319–324.
  • Bruine de Bruin W, Strough JN, Parker AM (2014) Getting older isn’t all that bad: Better decisions and coping when facing ’sunk costs’. Psychology and Aging, 29: 642–647.
  • Bulley A, Irish M (2018) The functions of prospection – Variations in health and disease. Frontiers in Psychology, 9:1–8.
  • Cappelli C, Ames S, Yusuke S, Mark D, Alan S (2018) Affective decision-making moderates the effects of automatic associations on alcohol use among drug offenders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 43:534–544.
  • Carstensen LL, Fung HH, Charles ST (2003) Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27: 103–123.
  • Carstensen LL, Mikels JA (2005) At the intersection of emotion and cognitiom: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14:117–121. Carstensen LL, Pasupathi M, Mayr U, Nesselroade JR (2000) Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79:644–655.
  • Charles ST, Carstensen LL (2008) Unpleasant situations elicit different emotional responses in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 2: 495–504.
  • Charles ST, Mather M, Carstensen LL (2003) Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132: 310–324.
  • Damasio AR (1996) The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 351:1413–1420. Davis EL, McCaffery K, Mullan B, Juraskova I (2015) An exploration of decision aid effectiveness: The impact of promoting affective vs. deliberative processing on a health-related decision. Health Expectations, 18:2742–2752.
  • De Bruin WB, Parker AM, Fischhoff B (2007) Individual differences in adult decision-making competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92: 938–956.
  • Depping MK, Freund AM (2011) Normal aging and decision making: The role of motivation. Human Development, 54: 349–367.
  • Eberhardt W, Bruine de Bruin W, Strough JN (2019) Age differences in financial decision making: The benefits of more experience and less negative emotions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 32: 79–93.
  • Ebner NC, Johnson MK (2009) Young and older emotional faces: Are there age group differences in expression identification and memory? Emotion, 9: 329–339.
  • English T, Carstensen LL (2015) Does positivity operate when the stakes are high ? Health status and decision making among older adults. Psychology and Aging, 30: 348–355.
  • Finucane ML, Mertz CK, Slovic P, Schmidt ES (2005) Task complexity and older adults’ decision-making competence. Psychology and Aging, 20: 71–84.
  • Frazier I, Lighthall NR, Horta M, Perez E, Ebner NC (2019) CISDA: Changes in integration for social decisions in aging. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 10:1–15.
  • Gamboz N, De Vito S, Brandimonte MA, Pappalardo S, Galeone F, Iavarone A, et al. (2010) Episodic future thinking in amnesic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 48: 2091–2097.
  • Gross JJ, Carstensen LL, Tsai J, Skorpen CG, Hsu AYC (1997) Emotion and aging : Experience, expression , and control. American Psychological Association, 4: 590–599.
  • Gross JJ, Carstensen LL, Pasupathi M, Tsai J, Skorpen CG, Hsu AY (2000) Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychology and Aging, 12: 590–599.
  • He Y, Ebner NC, Johnson MK (2011) What Predicts the Own-Age Bias in Face Recognition Memory? Social Cognition, 29: 97–109.
  • Isaacowitz DM, Riediger, M (2011) When age matters: Developmental perspectives on “cognition and emotion”. Cognition & Emotion, 25: 957–967.
  • Isaacowitz DM, Toner K., Goren D, Wilson HR (2008) Looking while unhappy: Positive gaze in older adults. Psychological Science, 19: 848–853.
  • Kahneman D (2003) A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58: 687–720.
  • Kennedy Q, Mather M, Carstensen LL (2004) The role of motivation in the age-related positivity effect in autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15: 208–214. Kisley MA, Wood S, & Burrows CL (2007) Looking at the sunny side of life. Psychological Science, 18: 838–844.
  • Langeslag SJE, & van Strien JW (2009) Aging and emotional memory: The co-occurrence of neurophysiological and behavioral positivity effects. Emotion, 9: 369–377. Lerner JS, & Keltner D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition and Emotion, 14(4), 473–493. Löckenhoff CE, Carstensen LL (2004) Socioemotional selectivity theory, aging, and health: The increasingly delicate balance between regulating emotions and making tough choices. Journal of Personality, 72: 1395–1424.
  • Mata R, Josef AK, Samanez-Larkin GR, Hertwig R (2011) Age differences in risky choice: A meta-analysis. Ann New York Academy of Sciences, 1235:18–29.
  • Mather M, Canli T, English T, Whitfield S, Wais P, Gabrieli JDE, et al. (2014) Amygdala responses valenced stimuli emotionally. Psychological Science, 15: 259–263.
  • Mather M, Carstensen LL (2005) Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9: 496–502.
  • Mather M, Shafir E, Johnson MK (2000) Misremembrance of options past: Source Monitoring and Choice. Psychological Science, 11: 132–138.
  • McCarrey AC, Henry JD, Luszcz M (2010) Potential mechanisms contributing to decision-making difficulties in late adulthood. Gerontology, 56: 430–434.
  • Mikels JA, Lockenhoff CE, Maglio SJ, Goldstein MK, Garber A, Carstensen LL (2010) Following your heart or your head: Focusing on emotions versus information differentially influences the decisions of younger and older adults. Experimental Psychological Applications, 16: 87–95.
  • Mikels JA, Maglio SJ, Reed AE, Kaplowitz, LJ (2011) Should I go with my gut? Investigating the benefits of emotion-focused decision making. Emotion, 11: 743–753.
  • Mishra S, Barclay P, Sparks A (2017) The relative state model: Integrating need-based and ability-based pathways to risk-taking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2: 176–198.
  • Nigro G, Ciccarelli M, Cosenza M (2018) The illusion of handy wins: Problem gambling, chasing, and affective decision-making. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225:256–259.
  • Noh SR, Isaacowitz DM (2011) Age differences in the emotional modulation of attention: Effects of own-age versus other-age emotional face cues on the alerting and orienting networks. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23: 709–722.
  • Pinquart M, Duberstein PR (2004) Information needs and decision-making processes in older cancer patients. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 51: 69–80.
  • Quartz SR (2009) Reason, emotion and decision-making: Risk and reward computation with feeling. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13: 209–215.
  • Ruffman T, Henry JD, Livingstone V, Phillips LH (2008) A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32: 863–881.
  • Samanez-Larkin GR, Mata R, Radu PT, Ballard IC, Carstensen, LL, McClure SM (2011) Age differences in striatal delay sensitivity during intertemporal choice in healthy adults. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 16: 126.
  • Scheibe S, Carstensen LL (2010) Emotional aging: Recent findings and future trends. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 65B: 135–144. Sherman L, Steinberg L, Chein J (2018) Connecting brain responsivity and real-world risk taking: Strengths and limitations of current methodological approaches. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 33: 27–41.
  • Shiota MN, Levenson RW (2009) Effects of aging on experimentally instructed detached reapprasial, positive reapprasial, and emotional behavior suppression. Psychological Aging, 24: 890–900.
  • Shiv B, Fedorikhin A (1999) Heart and mind in conflict: The interplay of affect and cognition in consumer decision making. Journal of Consumer Research, 26:278–293.
  • Strough JN, Karns TE, Schlosnagle L (2017) Decision-making heuristics and biases across the life span. PLoS ONE, 32: 736–740.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2018) TÜİK, Nüfus Projeksiyonları, 2018-2080. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist
  • Urry HL, Gross JJ (2010) Emotion regulation in older age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19: 352–357.
  • von Helversen B, Mata R (2012) Losing a dime with a satisfied mind: Positive affect predicts less search in sequential decision making. Psychology and Aging, 27(4), 825–839.
  • Werner NS, Duschek S, Schandry R (2009) Relationships between affective states and decision-making. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 74: 259–265.
  • West RL (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120: 272–292.
  • Wolf MS, Gazmararian JA, Baker DW (2005) Health literacy and functional health status among older adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165: 1946–1952.
  • Wright W, Bower GH (1992) Mood effects on subjective probability assessment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52: 276–291.
  • Young NA, Shuster MM, Mikels JA (2018) The sure thing: The role of integral affect in risky choice framing. Emotion, 23: 1–9.