Bithynia ve Pontos’ta Grup ve Dernekler’in Yerel Siyasetçi ve Eyalet Valileriyle İletişimleri

Bithynia ve Pontos kentlerinde birçok dini ve mesleki dernek belgelenmiştir. Bunların, kentlerinde önemli bir siyasi faktör oluşturdukları bilinmektedir. Bazı derneklerin kentlerde yerel yöneticiler ve vali gibi Romalı yöneticiler ile ilişki içine girdikleri ve bu kişileri onurlandırdıkları görülmektedir. Plinius’un mektuplaşmaları da Roma Dönemi Bithynia ve Pontos’undaki özel derneklerin, kentlerdeki yerel toplum içersinde kayda değer ölçüde önemli güçler ve buna bağlı olarak da eyalet yöneticileri için bir itina ve ilgi meselesi olarak düşünüldüğüne işaret eder. Ancak bu resmi olmayan tüzel kişiler böyle bir öneme nasıl ulaşmışlardı? Bu onurlandırmaların arkasında yatan sebepleri irdeleyen yazar Bithynia-Pontos dernekleri ile yerel ve Romalı yöneticiler arasında söz konusu olan ilişkilere yoğunlaşmak suretiyle bu probleme eğilmeyi amaçlamıştır. Bir yandan kentteki söz sahibi kişilerin kazanılması derneklerin statüsünü yükseltmekte, onların çeşitli imtiyazlar elde etmesini kolaylaştırmakta ve derneklere resmen liderlik ve bir üstünlük kazandırmaktaydılar. Diğer yandan yerel siyasetçiler de bu derneklerin desteğiyle resmi onurlar elde etmekte ve hedefledikleri siyasi amaçlara daha kolay ulaşabilmekteydiler. Bithyniarchai ve eyalet valilerinin de Roma imparatoru için dikilen onurlandırma ya da adak anıtlarının inşasında söz konusu bu özel derneklerle işbirliği içerisine girdikleri görülmektedir. Eşraf tabakanın elinde tutuğu kent kurumları vasıtasıyla değil de, eşraftan seçkin üyelerle gerçekleşen bu türden bir kişisel ilişki toplum yaşamının temel taşı olan euergesia sisteminin düzgün bir şekilde devamını sağlamakla birlikte, derneklere, önemli politik figürler haline gelerek kendi micro-toplumlarının imparatorluk içerisindeki yerini belirleyen siyasi hayata iştirak etme olanağını da sağlamıştır. Öte yandan, yapı itibariyle değişken ve hizipçi politik çevre içerisinde, politikacıları doğrudan halka danışmaya teşvik eden ısrarcı demokratik karakter ve derneklerin önemli devlet adamlarına bağlanması anlaşmazlık zamanlarında bir nevi seferber olma aracı olarak da işlev görebilmekteydi.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bithynia, Pontos, dernekler, kent elitleri, euergesia, kişisel ilişki, patronluk

Groups and Associations in Bithynia and Pontus: Interaction with prominent Statesmen and provincial Governors

Pliny’s correspondence demonstrates that private associations in Roman Bithynia and Pontus were considered forces of considerable significance in the local civic societies and consequently a matter of care and concern for the provincial authorities. But how could these non-official corporate bodies acquire such an importance? The present paper proposes to deal with this problem by focusing on the relations cultivated between Bithynian-Pontic associations and specific individuals possessing high status at a local or regional level. The epigraphic evidence indicates that local statesmen provided formal leadership and external championship to associations and received public honours from them. Bithyniarchai and provincial governors even collaborated with individual associations in the construction of monuments honouring, or dedicated to, the Roman emperor. This sort of personalized interaction with specific members of the elite enabled associations to advertise themselves as the favourites of important political figures and through their contribution to the imperial monuments to participate in a common political discourse which placed their own micro-communities in an empire-wide context. On the other hand, in a structurally factionalist political environment, the persistently democratic character of which encouraged politicians to appeal directly to the people, the associations’ affiliation to prominent statesmen could also function as vehicle of mobilization in time of conflict.

Keywords:

Bithynia, Pontos, associations, city elites, euergetism, personalized interaction, patronage,

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