Üniversite laboratuvarlarında iç ortam çevre kalitesi
Bu çalışmada, farklı amaçlar için kullanılan üniversite laboratuvarlarında iç ortam çevre kalitesi belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, 5 farklı laboratuvarda 8 saat süreyle termal konfor (sıcaklık, rölatif nem, hava hızı, aydınlatma) ve karbon dioksit (CO2) parametreleri ölçülmüş, quartz filtrelere solunabilir partikül (PM4, 4 mikrondan küçük partiküller) örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Filtrede örneklenen tozun kütlesel konsantrasyonları belirlenmiş, daha sonra filtrelere ayrıştırma işlemi uygulanmış ve Grafit Atomik Absorpsiyon Spektrometresi ile Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Mn ve Pb elementlerinin konsantrasyonları tespit edilmiştir. 8-saatlik ortalama PM4 konsantrasyonlarının 57.0-186.3 µg/m3 aralığında değiştiği belirlenmiş ve en yüksek ortalama konsantrasyon piroliz ve katı atık yakma faaliyetlerinin yapıldığı Lab C’de gözlenmiştir. 8-saatlik ortalama CO2 konsantrasyonlarının 484-666 ppm arasında değiştiği, laboratuvar dersi sırasında CO2 konsantrasyonunun Lab B’de 2000 ppm’e ulaştığı ve limit değeri (1000 ppm) aştığı gözlenmiştir. Laboratuvarlarda 8-saatlik ortalama sıcaklık, rölatif nem, aydınlatma ve hava hızı’nın sırasıyla 22.0-24.0 °C, 21.8-41.2 %, 156-415 Lux ve 0.05-0.10 m/s arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Tüm laboratuvarlarda aydınlatma seviyelerinin standart ile uyumlu olmadığı görülmüştür (500-750 Lux). Katılımın yüksek olduğu laboratuvar derslerinde pencere veya kapıların açılması CO2 artışını engelleyebilir. Tüm laboratuvarlardaki aydınlatma sistemi iyileştirilmelidir. Havalandırma oranlarını ve partiküllerin filtrasyonunu artırmak için davlumbaz egzoz fan sisteminin kullanılması da tavsiye edilebilir.
Indoor environmental quality in the university laboratories
This study presents the indoor environmental quality in the university laboratories which are used for different purposes. Within this aim, thermal comfort parameters (temperature, relative humidity, air speed, lighting), carbon dioxide (CO2) were monitored and respirable particles (PM4, smaller than 4 µm) were collected on the quartz filter in five laboratories for 8 hours. The mass concentration of the dust collected on filter were determined, after that the filters were decomposed, and elemental analysis were performed for Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Mn and Pb elements using by Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. It was determined that the 8-hour average PM4 concentrations varied between 57.0-186.3 µg/m3 , the highest average PM4 concentration was observed in Lab C where pyrolyze and solid waste combustion activities were performed. It was observed that the average 8-hour CO2 concentrations varied between 484-666 ppm and during the laboratory lesson, CO2 concentration raised to 2000 ppm in Lab B and exceeded the limit value of 1000 ppm. The 8-hour average temperature, relative humidity, lighting, and air velocity in all laboratories changed between 22.0-24.0 0C, 21.8-41.2%, 156-415 Lux and 0.05-0.10 m/s, respectively. We observed that lighting level in the laboratories did not comply with the standard (500-750 Lux). Opening of windows or door might be prevent increasing of CO2 during laboratory lesson with high occupancy. The lighting system in all laboratories should be improved. We also recommend that using of hood exhaust fan system to increase ventilation rates and filtration of particles.
___
- [1] Odeh I, Hussein T. “Activity pattern of urban adult students in an Eastern Mediterranean Society”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(10), 1-6, 2016.
- [2] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). “Introduction to Indoor Air Quality”. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-airquality-iaq/introduction-indoor-air-quality#health (03.05.2020).
- [3] Howard-Reed C, Wallace LA, Emmerich SJ. “Effect of ventilation systems and air filters on decay rates of particles by indoor sources in an occupied townhouse”. Atmospheric Environment, 37(38), 5295-5306, 2003.
- [4] Meadow JF, Altrichter AE, Kembel SW, Kline, J, Mhuireach G, Moriyama, M, Green JL. “Indoor airborne bacterial communities are influenced by ventilation, occupancy, and outdoor air source”. Indoor Air, 24(1), 41-48, 2014.
- [5] Andersen HV, Klinke HB, Funch LW, Gunnarsen LB. Emission of Formaldehyde From Furniture. 1st ed. Copenhagen, Denmark, The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2016.
- [6] Ali MY, Hanafia MM, Khan MF, Latif MT. “Quantitative source apportionment and human toxicity of indoor trace metals at university buildings”. Building and Environment, 121, 238-246, 2017.
- [7] Huang K, Song J, Feng G, Chang Q, Jiang B, Wang J, Fang X. “Indoor air quality analysis of residential buildings in northeast China based on field measurements and longtime monitoring”. Building and Environment, 144, 171-183, 2018.
- [8] Rupakheti D, Oanh NTK, Rupakheti M, Sharma RK, Panday AK, Puppala SP, Lawrence MG. “Indoor levels of black carbon and particulate matters in relation to cooking activities using different cook stove-fuels in rural Nepal”. Energy for Sustainable Development, 48, 25-33, 2019.
- [9] Heseltine E, Rosen J. WHO Guidelines For Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould. 1st ed. Copenhagen, Denmark, World Health Organization, 2019.
- [10] Harrison R., Saborit JMD, Dor F, Henderson R. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. 1st ed. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization, 2010.
- [11] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). “Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume I-Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment)”. Washington DC, EPA, 540, -R-070, 002, 2009.
- [12] Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). “Indoor air Quality in Commercial and Institutional Buildings”. Washington, USA, 17, 2015.
- [13] Alves CA, Calvo AI, Castro A, Fraile R, Evtyugina M, BateEpey EF. “Indoor air quality in two university sports facilities”. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 13(6), 1723-1730, 2013.
- [14] Mundackal A, Ngole-Jeme VM. “Evaluation of indoor and outdoor air quality in university academic buildings and associated health risk”. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 32(5), 1076-1094, 2022.
- [15] Lu C, Deng Q, Li Y, Sundell J, Norbäck D. “Outdoor air pollution, meteorological conditions and indoor factors in dwellings in relation to sick building syndrome (SBS) among adults in China”. Science of the Total Environment, 560, 186-196, 2016.
- [16] Sun Y, Hou J, Cheng R, Sheng Y, Zhang X, Sundell J. “Indoor air quality, ventilation and their associations with sick building syndrome in Chinese homes”. Energy and Buildings, 197, 112-119, 2019.
- [17] Zainal ZA, Hashim Z, Jalaludin J, Lee LF, Hashim JH. “Sick Building Syndrome among Office Workers in relation to Office Environment and Indoor Air Pollutant at an Academic Institution, Malaysia”. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 15(3), 126-134, 2009.
- [18] Babaoglu UT, Milletli Sezgin F, Yag F. “Sick building symptoms among hospital workers associated with indoor air quality and personal factors”. Indoor and Built Environment, 29(5), 645-655, 2020.
- [19] Latif MT, Baharudini NH, Velayutham P, Awang N, Hamdan H, Mohamad R, Mokhtar MB. “Composition of heavy metals and airborne fibers in the indoor environment of a building during renovation”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 181(1-4), 479-489, 2011.
- [20] Kwong QJ, Abdullah J, Tan SC, Thio THG, Yeaw WS. “A field study of indoor air quality and occupant perception in experimental laboratories and workshops”. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 30(2), 467-482, 2019.
- [21] Kallawicha K, Chao HJ, Kotchasatan N. “Bioaerosol levels and the indoor air quality of laboratories in Bangkok metropolis”. Aerobiologia, 35(1), 1-14, 2019.
- [22] Amira‘Ainaa’Idris S, Hanafiah MM, Ismail M, Abdullah S, Khan MF. “Laboratory air quality and microbiological contamination in an university building”. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13(13), 1-9, 2020.
- [23] Ugranli T, Toprak M, Gursoy G, Cimrin AH, Sofuoglu SC. “Indoor environmental quality in chemistry and chemical engineering laboratories at Izmir Institute of Technology”. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6(1), 147-153, 2015.
- [24] Sahu V, Elumalai SP, Gautam S, Singh NK, Singh P. “Characterization of indoor settled dust and investigation of indoor air quality in different micro-environments”. International journal of Environmental Health Research, 28(4), 419-431, 2018.
- [25] Ali SM, Martinson B, Al-Maiyah S. “Evaluating indoor environmental performance of laboratories in a Northern Nigerian university”. In 33rd PLEA International Conference: Design to Thrive, Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, Edinburgh 2-5 July, 2017.
- [26] Sahu V, Gurjar BH. “Spatial and seasonal variation of air quality in different microenvironments of a technical university in India”. Building and Environment, 185, 1-10, 2020.
- [27] Seseña S, Rodríguez AM, Palop ML. “Indoor air quality analysis in naturally ventilated university training laboratories: a health risk assessment”. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 15, 1817-1837, 2022.
- [28] Md Saad Z, Rasdi I, Zainal Abidin E. “Indoor air quality and prevalence of sick building syndrome among university laboratory workers”. Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 29(2), 130-140, 2016.
- [29] Telejko, M. “Attempt to improve indoor air quality in computer laboratories”. Procedia Engineering, 172, 1154-1160, 2017.
- [30] Qian H, Miao T, Liu L, Zheng X, Luo D, Li Y. “Indoor transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2”. Indoor Air, 31(3), 639-645, 2021.
- [31] Hadei M, Hopke PK, Jonidi A, Shahsavani A. “A letter about the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 based on the current evidence”. Aerosol Air Quality Research. 20, 911-914, 2020.
- [32] Yau YH, Chew BT, Saifullah AZA. “Studies on the indoor air quality of Pharmaceutical Laboratories in Malaysia”. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 1(1), 110-124, 2012.
- [33] Morawska L, Tang J, W, Bahnfleth W, Bluyssen PM, Boerstra A, Buonanno G, Yao M. “How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?”. Environment International, 142, 1-7, 2020.
- [34] Peng Z, Jimenez JL. “Exhaled CO2 as a COVID-19 infection risk proxy for different indoor environments and activities”. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 8(5), 392-397, 2021.
- [35] Persily A, Bahnfleth W, Kipen H, Lau J, Mandin C, Sekhar C, Weekes LCN. “ASHRAE's new position document on indoor carbon dioxide”. ASHRAE Journal, 64(5), 50-52, 2022.
- [36] Hashemi SE, Fazlzadeh M, Ahmadi E, Parand M, Ramavandi B, Taghizadeh F, Arfaeinia H. “Occurrence, potential sources, in vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metal in indoor dust from different microenvironment of Bushehr, Iran”. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(11), 3641-3658, 2020.
- [37] Ardashiri S, Hashemi SE. “Health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust from Bushehr, Iran”. Iranian Journal of Health, Safety and Environment, 5(2), 966-971, 2018.
- [38] Şahin ÜA, Onat B, Stakeeva B, Ceran T, Karim P. “PM10 concentrations and the size distribution of Cu and Fecontaining particles in Istanbul’s subway system”. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17(1), 48-53, 2012.
- [39] Şahin ÜA, Kurutaş B. “Assessment of fine particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in workplace atmosphere of metallic industry”. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89(4), 898-904, 2012.
- [40] Yurtseven E, Erdogan MS, Ulus T, Sahin UA, Onat B, Erginoez E, Vehid S, Köksal S. “Assessment of indoor PM2.5 concentrations at a medical faculty in Istanbul, Turkey”. Environment Protection Engineering, 38(1), 115-127, 2012.
- [41] Onat B, Alver Şahin Ü, Sivri N. “The relationship between particle and culturable airborne bacteria concentrations in public transportation”. Indoor and Built Environment, 26(10), 1420-1428, 2017.
- [42] Onat B, Şahin ÜA, Uzun B, Akın Ö, Özkaya F, Ayvaz C. “Determinants of exposure to ultrafine particulate matter, black carbon, and PM2.5 in common travel modes in Istanbul”. Atmospheric Environment, 206, 258-270, 2019.
- [43] Onat B, Çalışkan NS, Şahin ÜA, Uzun B. “Assessment of the health risk related to exposure to ultrafine, fine, and total particulates and metals in a metal finishing plant”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(4), 4058-4066, 2020.
- [44] The Ministry of Labor and Social Security. “Regulation on Dust Controlling Turkey”. 2013. http://www.csgb.gov.tr/csgbPortal/isggm. portal?page=mevzuat&id (03.05.2020).
- [45] Brown JS, Gordon T, Price O, Asgharian B. “Throcic and respirable particle definitons for human health risk assessment”. Particle and Fibre Technology, 10, 1-12, 2013.
- [46] Şahin ÜA, Polat G, Onat B. “Mass size distribution and source identification of particulate matter metal components at four urban sites and a background site of Istanbul”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(11), 11085-11099, 2016.
- [47] Goyal R, Khare M. “Indoor-outdoor concentrations of RSPM in classroom of a naturally ventilated school building near an urban traffic roadway”. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 6026-6038, 2009.
- [48] Mishra AK, Mishra P, Gulia S, Goyal SK. “Assessment of indoor fine and ultra-fine particulate matter in a research laboratory”. CIEQ: Asian Conference on Indoor Environmental Quality, New Delhi, India, 1-2 February 2019.
- [49] Valavanidis V, Vatista M. “Indoor air quality measurements in the chemistry department building of the University of Athens”. Indoor and Built Environment, 15(6), 595-605, 2006.
- [50] Rumchev K, Broeck V, Spickett J. “Indoor air quality in university laboratories”. Environmental Health, 3(3), 11-19, 2003.
- [51] Jurado SR, Bankoff AD, Sanchez A. “Indoor air quality in Brazilian universities”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(7), 7081-7093, 2014.
- [52] Widder SH, Haselbach L. “Relationship among concentrations of indoor air contaminants, their sources, and different mitigation strategies on indoor air quality”. Sustainability, 9(7), 1-16, 2017.
- [53] Çobanoğlu N, Karadeniz ZH. “İç çevre kalitesi ve uyku”. Türk Tesisat Mühendisleri Derneği, 41, 74-75, 2021.
- [54] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers. “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality”. Atlanta, GA, 40, 2013.
- [55] Khovalyg D, Kazanci OB, Halvorsen H, Gundlach I, Bahnfleth WP, Toftum J, Olesen BW. “Critical review of standards for indoor thermal environment and air quality”. Energy and Buildings, 213, 1-19, 2020.
- [56] The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. “Guidance Notes for the Management of Indoor Air Quality in Offices and Public Places”. Indoor Air Quality Management Group, Hong Kong, 84, 2019.
- [57] Rea MS. IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th ed., Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New York, 2000.
- [58] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), “Permissible Exposure Limits-Annotated Tables”. https://www.osha.gov/annotated-pels/table-z-1 (01.03.2021).
- [59] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. 7th ed. Cincinnati, OH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2001.
- [60] Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. “Turkey Outdoor air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation”. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/File/GeneratePdf?mevzuat No=12188&mevzuatTur=KurumVeKurulusYonetmeligi& mevzuatTertip=5 (03.11.2021).
- [61] Onat B, Sahin UA, Akyuz T.” Elemental characterization of PM2.5 and PM1 in dense traffic area in Istanbul, Turkey”. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4(1), 101-105, 2013.
- [62] Karaca F, Alagha O, Ertürk F, Yılmaz, YZ, Özkara, T. “Seasonal variation of source contributions to atmospheric fine and coarse particles at suburban area in Istanbul, Turkey”. Environmental Engineering Science, 25(5), 767-782, 2008.
- [63] Loupa G, Zarogianni AM, Karali D, Kosmadakis I, Rapsomanikis S. “Indoor/outdoor PM2.5 elemental composition and organic fraction medications, in a Greek hospital”. Science of the Total Environment, 550, 727-735, 2016.