An integrated approach to conservation based on the interrelations of tangible and intangible cultural properties

Fiziki özelliklerin korunmasıyla başlamış olan tarihi çevre koruma çalışmaları, kültürel özelliklerin korunması da içeren kapsamlı koruma yaklaşımlarıyla sürmektedir. Tarihi çevrelerin, kültürel yönlerinin önemi, özellikle 1950- 60 yıllarından itibaren tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Artan farkındalığa rağmen, somut olmayan kültürel varlıkları saptama ve belgeleme çalışmaları, fiziki varlıkların belgelenmesinin oldukça gerisindedir. Günümüzde, tarihi çevre koruma pratikleri, esas olarak, kültürel kimliği koruma ve sürdürmeye odaklanmaktadır. Bu bakımdan, somut özelliklerin yanısıra, yapılı çevrelerde somutlaşan, somut olmayan değerlerin saptanması, incelenmesi ve korunması önem kazanmaktadır. Bu yazı, tarihi çevreleri, somut ve somut olmayan kültür varlıkları arasındaki ilişkiler bütünü olarak incelemek için bütüncül bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, esas olarak, tarihi çevrelerde, somut ve somut olmayan kültür varlıklarının birlikte korunması gerekliliği savını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu açıdan, tarihi çevrelerde somut ve somut olmayan kültür varlıklarının, başka bir deyişle, kültür ve yapılı çevrelerin etkileşimlerinin incelenmesine yönelik bir kavramsal model sunmakta ve bu modelin, İbrahimpaşa Köyü’nde uygulamasını yapmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, köydeki somut ve somut olmayan kültür varlıklarının etkileşimleri ile oluşan bütünlüğün sürdürülebilirliğine yönelik koruma yaklaşımları önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

kültürel miras, sürdürülebilirlik

Somut ve somut olmayan kültür varlıklarının etkileşimlerine dayanan bütüncül bir koruma yaklaşımı

Studies for the conservation of historic environments have evolved from the conservation of only physical properties to an inclusive conservation approach concerning cultural properties. The significance of the cultural aspects of historic environments has been realized and discussed especially since 1950-1960s. Despite of an increasing awareness of the subject, the studies on the identification and the documentation of intangible cultural properties are still less advanced than those on tangible cultural properties. Today, conservation practices within historic environments mainly focus on the discussions on preserving and continuing “cultural identity”. In this respect, beside tangible cultural properties, intangible values embodied within the components of built environments, their identification, analysis and conservation also gain importance. This paper presents a holistic approach for analyzing historic built environments as an entity of tangible and intangible cultural properties. It mainly puts forward the assumption that intangible and tangible cultural properties need to be conserved together in historic environments. In this sense, it presents a conceptual model for analyzing the interrelations between tangible and intangible cultural properties, in other words, built environment and culture. Then, it applies this model on the İbrahimpaşa Village. As a conclusion, it puts forward possible conservation approaches for the sustainability of the integrity of interrelations between tangible and intangible cultural properties in the village.

Keywords:

cultural heritage, sustainability,

PDF

___

ALIVIZATOU, M. (2006) Museums and Intangible Heritage: The Dynamics of an “Unconventional” Relationship, Papers from Institute of Archaeology, n: 17; 47-57.
BALAMİR, A., URAZ, T.U. (2006) Themes of Places and Spaces in Design Teaching: a Joint Studio Experiment in Amasya. METU JFA, v: 23, n:1; 1-18.
BİLSEL, C. (1989) New Building in a Historical Urban Setting as an Urban Design Problem: The case of Yeni Foça, Unpublished Master Thesis, METU, Faculty of Architecture, Ankara.
BOURDIEU, P. (1990) The Logic of Practice, translated by Richard Nice, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
BOURDIEU, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
DORATLI, N. (2005) Revitalizing historic urban quarters: A model for determining the most relevant strategic approach, European Planning Studies (13:5) 749-72.
ECO, U. (1973) Function and Sign: Semiotics of Architecture, in J. Bryan and R.Sauer, eds., Structures Implicit and Explicit, University of Pennsylvania, New York.
ERDEMİR, E. (1997) The Role of Taste in Referring the House as Home, in proceedings of the international symposium: Culture and Space in the Home Environment, Critical Evaluations and New Paradigms, İstanbul, İTÜ, Faculty of Architecture in collaboration with IAPS.
ERDER, C., ed. (1971) Selected Readings in Architectural Conservation, METU Faculty of Architecture, Department of Restoration of Historic Monuments, Ankara.
ERK, M.F. (1984) Akköy: A Study on Vernacular Architecture with Reference to A Specific Case, Unpublished Master Thesis in Architecture, METU, Ankara.
FEILDEN, B.M., JOKILEHTO, J. (1998) Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, ICCROM, Rome.
HERSKOVITS, M. J. (1955) Cultural Anthropology, New York.
HUBKA, T. (1979) Just Folks Designing: Vernacular Designers and the Generation of Form, JAE, v: 32, n: 3; 27-9.
KARAKUL, Ö. (2011) A Holistic Approach to Historic Environments Integrating Tangible and Intangible Values Case Study: İbrahimpaşa Village in Ürgüp, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis in Architecture, METU, Ankara.
KARAKUL, Ö. (2009) A Conservation Approach to Interrupted Interrelations Between Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage: Revitalization, Paper presented at Revitalising Built Environments: Requalifying Old Places for New Uses, International Symposium jointly organized by IAPS- CSBE and IAPS-Housing Network, in Proceedings ISBN-978-975-561-359-8; October 12-16, İstanbul.
KARAKUL, Ö. (2008) A Holistic Approach: Unity of Tangible and Intangible Values in the Conservation of Historic Built Environments, in Conference Book of 11th World Conference of Historical Cities, June 10-13, Metropolitan Municipality of Konya, Konya; 43-57.
KARAKUL, Ö. (2007) Folk Architecture in Historic Environments: living Spaces for Intangible Cultural Heritage, International and Quarterly Journal of Cultural Studies (10:19:75);151-63.
KNOX, P. (1984) Symbolism, Styles and Settings: The Built Environment and the Imperatives of Urbanized Capitalism, Architecture and Behaviour (2: 2)107-22.
KOTNIK, T. (2005) Architecture and Gender relationship in Yemen, Space and Culture, n: 8; 4.
LAWRENCE, D., lOW, S. M. (1990) The Built Environment and Spatial Form, Annual Review of Anthropology (19) 453-505.
LAWRENCE, R.J. (1987) Housing, Dwellings and Homes/ Design Theory, Research and Practice, Great Britain: John Wiley and Sons ltd., Great Britain.
MALINOWSKI, B. (1944) A Scientific Theory of Culture, The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill, New York.
OLIVER, P. (1997). Cultural Traits and Environmental Contexts- Problems of Cultural Specifity and Cross- Cultural Comparability. In Proceedings of the International Symposium Culture and Space in the Home Environment, Critical Evaluations and New Paradigms. İstanbul: ITU, Faculty of Architecture in Collaboration with “IAPS”.
ÖZMEN, A., BAŞKAYA, A. (1997) Influence of Changing Social Structure on Space Organization: Block Housing in Ankara, 1920-1950, in proceedings of an international symposium: Culture and Space in the Home Environment, Critical Evaluations and New Paradigms, İTÜ Faculty of Architecture in Collaboration with IAPS, İstanbul.
PETRUCCIOLI, A. (1998) AliceDilemma, in A. Petruccioli, ed., Typological Process and Design Theory, Cambridge; 57-72.
PINNA, G. (2003) Intangible Heritage and Museums, ICOM News, 4, http://icom.museum/pdf/E_news2003/p4_2003-4.pdf, Retrieved February 10, 2008.
PULTAR, M. (1997) A Structured Approach to Cultural Studies of Architectural Space, in proceedings of an international symposium: Culture and Space in the Home Environment, Critical Evaluations and New Paradigms, İTÜ Faculty of Architecture in Collaboration with IAPS, İstanbul.
RAPOPORT, A. (2004) Kültür Mimarlık Tasarım, Yapı Endüstri Merkezi, İstanbul.
RAPOPORT, A. (2002) Traditional Environments, Culture and Preservation, in H. Turgut and P. Kellett, eds., Traditional Environments in a New Millenium: Defining Principles and Professional Practice, İTÜ Faculty of Architecture, İstanbul; 26-32.
RAPOPORT, A. (2001) Theory, Culture and Housing, Housing, Theory and Society (17) 145-65.
RAPOPORT, A. (1990) Systems of Activities and Systems of Settings, in S. Kent, ed., Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space: An Interdisciplinary Cross-Cultural Study, Cambridge University Press, UK.
RAPOPORT, A. (1982) The Meaning of Built Environment: A Non-verbal Communication Approach USA.
RAPOPORT, A. (1969) House Form and Culture, New York.
Rational architecture : the reconstruction of the European city = Architecture rationnelle : la reconstruction de la ville européenne. (1978). Bruxelles : Editions des Archives d’architecture Moderne.
RIEGL, A. (1998) The Modern Cult of Monuments, in K.M. Hays, ed., Oppositions Reader: Selected readings from a journal for ideas and criticism in architecture, 1973-1984, New York.
ROSSI, A. (1982) The Architecture of The City. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
SARGIN, G. (1989) A Research For Recovery of the Identity of Place, with special reference to Historical Urban Environments, Unpublished Master Thesis in Architecture, METU, Ankara.
STEA, D., TURAN, M. (1993) Placemaking Production of Built Environment in Two Cultures, Great Britain.
STEFANO, M. L. (2009) Safeguarding Intangible Heritage: Five Key Obstacles Facing Museums of the North East of England, International Journal of Intangible Heritage (4) 111-26.
TIESDELL, S., OC, T., HEATH, T. (1996) Revitalizing Historic Urban Quarters, Architectural Press, Oxford, Boston.
UNESCO (2007) Sub-Regional Meeting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage: Implementation and Inventory- Making, 27-28 November, Dar es Salaam, Republic Tanzania.
UNESCO (2005) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, October 20. Paris, http://unesdoc. unesco.org/images/0014/001429/142919e.pdf, retrieved December 23, 2004.
UNESCO (2003) Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 32nd Session of the General Conference, September 29-October 17, Paris, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ images/0013/001325/132540e.pdf, Retrieved December 23, 2004.
UNESCO (1972) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 17th Session of the General Conference, November 16, Paris, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/ convention-en.pdf, retrieved April 14 , 2008.
WULF, C. (2004) Crucial Points in the Transmission and Learning of Intangible Heritage, Proceedings of the International Conference Globalization and Intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO and United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan; 85-95.
TAN, N. (1997) Folklor (Halkbilimi) Genel Bilgiler, ABO Basım, İstanbul.
TUAN, Y. (1974) Topophilia A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values, New Jersey. USA.
TÜRKMEN, K. T. (1999) Bilinmeyen Kapadokya’dan Bir Kesit, Ürün Yayınları, Ankara.
http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00061, UNESCO, living Human Treasures System.