Kilikya’da Geç Antik Dönem Kırsal Yerleşimleri: Kanytellis Örneği

Antik ve Geç Antik Dönem’de kırsal yerleşimleri konu alan çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu dönem kaynaklarına dayanarak kent ve köy arasındaki ekonomik ve yönetsel ilişkileri ele almaktadır. Kırsal yerleşimlerin kentsel yapısı ve fiziksel özelliklerini ele alan çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bunun en önemli nedeni imparatorluk sınırları içinde çoğu bölgenin bu konuda sağlıklı bir araştırmaya izin verecek arkeolojik verilere sahip olmamasıdır. Öte yandan Dağlık Kilikya Bölgesi, büyük ölçüde korunarak günümüze gelmiş çeşitli büyüklükte ve nitelikte kırsal yerleşim örnekleri ile bu konuda değerli bir çalışma alanı sunmaktadır. 2006 yılında Kanytellis’de gerçekleştirilmiş olan yüzey araştırmasında elde edilen arkeolojik buluntulara dayanan bu çalışma, kent dokusu, mimarlık örnekleri gibi fiziksel veriler üzerinden Geç Antik Dönem kırsal yerleşmelerinin yeniden tanımlanmasını ve değerlendirilmesi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla Kanytellis örneğinden yola çıkarak Geç Antik Dönem kırsal yerleşimlerinin kentsel yapısını belirleyen dinamiklerin saptanmasına, bu yerleşimlerdeki sosyal ve ekonomik koşulların belirlenmesine ve kırsal nüfusun karakterinin tanımlanmasına çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın Geç Antik Dönemde kent ve kır arasındaki ilişkilerin tartışılmasını içeren bir sonraki aşama için de bir altlık olması planlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

kırsal yerleşim

Kanytellis as a Case Study for Late Antique Rural Settlements

Studies of rural settlements— that is, villages and small towns—have gained momentum in the last decade. They have appeared in several publications, mainly discussing economic and administrative relations between village and city based on literary evidence. Physical aspects of rural settlements have not been examined extensively, primarily because of the dearth of archeological evidence. The slopes of Rough Cilicia, between the Calycadnus and Lamos Rivers, represent an exception, offering a variety of relatively well preserved settlements. Kanytellis (Kanlıdivane) is the largest of these settlements thus far studied, and the state of its remains provides a wealth of information about the physical characteristics of a typical Late Antique village, including layout, architecture, and social and economic conditions. A 2006 survey revealed that Kanytellis‘s layout of narrow streets follows topographical lines and revolve around a main thoroughfare. The sloping terrain was utilized for terraces, leaving empty areas for small piazzas with public cisterns. Kanytellis‘s main public buildings consist of five churches—all of them three-aisled basilicas of large scale—a market structure with rows of shops on several floors, houses of considerable size and careful construction, and industrial structures, namely, presses for olive oil or wine. The remains point to a wealthy and well-organized community, mostly composed of free farmers and a small number of tradesmen and artisans with no distinct class differences. It is obvious that Kanytellis benefited greatly from the wine and olive oil trades and flourished during the 5th and 6th centuries, developing a self-sufficient economy based on agriculture and agricultural products. Being half a day’s walk, or approximately 10 kilometers, from its administrative capital, Elaiussa Sebaste, Kanytellis would be expected to have close economic and social relations with the city. The primary issue is to what extent a settlement like Kanytellis—self-sufficient as well as serving the surrounding countryside— depended on a city beyond administrative functions. In the period between the 4th and 7th centuries, the village grew while the city declined, ultimately failing to provide the cultural and social services that make a settlement a city. Based on the information obtained from Kanytellis, it is safe to say that the concepts of city and village changed in the Late Antique period.

Keywords:

rural settlement,

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