Şerife KOÇ, Birol MERCAN, Mustafa GÖMLEKSİZ

Türkiye’de Bilgi Taşmaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı

Ekonomik büyüme performansının artırılmasında bilgi yoğun ekonomik faaliyetler, küresel rekabet avantajı sağlamada ve uluslararası ticareti geliştirmede önemli bir role sahiptir. Bilgi iletişim teknolojilerinin hızlı gelişimi ve yüksek küreselleşme düzeyi bilginin mekânsal olarak uluslararası yayılmasına olanak tanımıştır. Bu doğrultuda bilginin yayılması çeşitli kanallardan ekonomik getirilere dönüşmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı bilgi yayılım kanallarından biri olan uluslararası ortak akademik çalışmaların ekonomik büyüme sürecindeki rolünü araştırmaktır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisinin 1990-2021 yıllarını kapsayan dönemi için bilgi yayılmasının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi, ARDL (Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Otoregresif) Modeli ile test edilmiştir. Bilgi yayılımı, ekonomi alanındaki birçok kavram gibi gözlenemediğinden analizde uluslararası akademik yayınlardaki ortak yazarlık, beklenen eğitim yılı, patent sayısı ve kişi başına gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla göstergeleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgura göre, uzun dönemde beklenen eğitim yılı ve patent sayısı ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif ve anlamlı şekilde etkilemektedir. Hata düzeltme katsayının kısa dönemde anlamlı ve negatif çıkması, cari dönemde ortaya çıkan bir sapmanın %91’inin bir sonraki dönem giderileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bilgi Yayılımı, Ortak Yazarlık, Ekonomik Büyüme

The Relationship Between Knowledge Spillovers and Economic Growth: Ardl Bound Testing Approach

In enhancing economic growth performance, knowledge-intensive economic activities have an important role in providing global competitive advantage and improving international trade. The rapid development of information and communication technologies and the high level of globalization have enabled the spatial international spillover of knowledge. In this regard, the spillovers of knowledge translate into economic returns through various channels. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of international joint academic studies, one of the channels of knowledge spillovers, in the economic growth process. In this study, the impact of knowledge spillovers on economic growth for the Turkish economy for the period covering the years 1990-2021 is tested with the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) Model. Since knowledge spillovers cannot be observed like many other concepts in economics, co-authorship in international academic publications, expected years of education, number of patents and gross domestic product per capita indicators are used in the analysis. According to the findings of the study, expected years of education and number of patents have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long run. The fact that the error correction coefficient is significant and negative in the short run indicates that 91% of the deviation in the current period will be eliminated in the next period.

Keywords:

Knowledge Spillovers, Co-Authorship, Economic Growth,

PDF

___

Abramo, G., & D’Angelo, C. A. (2020). The domestic localization of knowledge flows as evidenced by publication citation: the case of Italy. Scientometrics, 125(2), 1305–1329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03487-5
Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Di Costa, F. (2020a). Does the geographic proximity effect on knowledge spillovers vary across research fields? Scientometrics, 123(2), 1021–1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03411-x
Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Di Costa, F. (2020b). The role of geographical proximity in knowledge diffusion, measured by citations to scientific literature. Journal of Informetrics, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2020.101010
Aghion, P., & Jaravel, X. (2015). Knowledge spillovers, innovation and growth. Economic Journal, 125(583), 533–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12199
Akcan, A. T., Kurt, Ü. & Kılıç, C. (2022). Türkiye’de iklim değişikliğinin tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkileri: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 36 (1), 125-132.
Arrow, K. J. (1962). The economic İmplications of learning by doing. The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155–173. https://about.jstor.org/terms
Audretsch, D. B. (2007). Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/grm001
Barra, C., Maietta, O. W., & Zotti, R. (2019). Academic excellence, local knowledge spillovers and innovation in Europe. Regional Studies, 53(7), 1058–1069. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1540865
Belitz, H., & Mölders, F. (2016). International knowledge spillovers through high-tech imports and R&D of foreign-owned firms. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 25(4), 590–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2015.1106575
Bonaccorsi, A., Colombo, M. G., Guerini, M., & Rossi-Lamastra, C. (2014). The impact of local and external university knowledge on the creation of knowledge-intensive firms: Evidence from the Italian case. Small Business Economics, 43(2), 261–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9536-2
Çelik, H. (2022). Türkiye’de ihracat çeşitliliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: ARDL yaklaşımı. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (35), 147-162. DOI: 10.18092/ulikidince.1048669
Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Testing for unit roots in seasonal time series. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79, 355-367.
Döring, T., & Schnellenbach, J. (2006). What do we know about geographical knowledge spillovers and regional growth?: A survey of the literature. Regional Studies, 40(3), 375–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400600632739
Ductor, L. (2015). Does co-authorship lead to higher academic productivity? Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 77(3), 385–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12070
Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: Journal Of The Econometric Society, 251-276.
Fershtman, C., & Gandal, N. (2011). Direct and indirect knowledge spillovers: The “social network” of open-source projects. RAND Journal of Economics, 42(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2171.2010.00126.x
Frenken, K., Hölzl, W., & Vor, F. De. (2005). The citation impact of research collaborations: The case of European biotechnology and applied microbiology (1988-2002). Journal of Engineering and Technology Management - JET-M, 22(1–2), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2004.11.002
Frenken, K., Ponds, R., & van Oort, F. (2010). The citation impact of research collaboration in science-based industries: A spatial-institutional analysis. Papers in Regional Science, 89(2), 351–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2010.00309.x
Fritsch, M., & Franke, G. (2004). Innovation, regional knowledge spillovers and R&D cooperation. Research Policy, 33(2), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00123-9
Gömleksiz, M. (2018). Uluslararası bilgi taşmaları, verimlilik ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme [Doktora tezi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi].
Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1994). Endogenous ınnovation in the theory of growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), 23–44.
Guo, W. (2009). Research on the knowledge spillovers. 2009 Chinese Control and Decision Conference, CCDC 2009, 5989–5992. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2009.5195274
Hassan, S. U., & Haddawy, P. (2013). Measuring international knowledge flows and scholarly impact of scientific research. Scientometrics, 94(1), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0786-6
Jiang, L., Zhu, N., Yang, Z., Xu, S., & Jun, M. (2018). The relationships between distance factors and international collaborative research outcomes: A bibliometric examination. Journal of Informetrics, 12(3), 618–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.04.004
Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with appucations to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin Of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
Kaneva, M., & Untura, G. (2019). The impact of R&D and knowledge spillovers on the economic growth of Russian regions. Growth and Change, 50(1), 301–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12281
Kuo, C. C., & Yang, C. H. (2008). Knowledge capital and spillover on regional economic growth: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 19(4), 594–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2008.06.004
Kuwahara, S. (2013). Does international knowledge spillover always lead to a positive trickle down? Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 27(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2012.11.001
Li, Y. A., & Minondo, A. (2014). Has distance died with networks? An empirical study of scholarly citations and genealogy in knowledge spillovers. HKUST; University of Deusto, 1–39.
Lucas, R. E. (1993). Making a miracle. Econometrica, 61(2), 251–272.
Ma, R., & Yan, E. (2016). Uncovering inter-specialty knowledge communication using author citation networks. Scientometrics, 109(2), 839–854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2091-2
Mancusi, M. L. (2008). International spillovers and absorptive capacity: A cross-country cross-sector analysis based on patents and citations. Journal of International Economics, 76(2), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.06.007
Marin, C. (2007). The new economy-knowledge based economy. Economics and Applied Informatics, 45–54. Mercan, B. (2004). Endüstriyel grublarda öğrenme süreci ve sektörel yapının oluşmasında Karaman örneği [Doktora tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi].
Moreira, S., & Soares, T. J. (2020). Academic spill-ins or spill-outs? Examining knowledge spillovers of university patents. Industrial and Corporate Change, 29(5), 1145–1165. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtaa011
Özşahin, Ş. (2012). Türkiye ekonomisinde finansal liberalizasyon ve ekonomik büyüme etkileşiminin ARDL yöntemi ile analizi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(23), 379-413.
Özşahin, Ş. (2016). Kurumsal kalite doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar için ne kadar önemli? Türkiye üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 11(44), 251-262.
Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1995). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis, (9514). Cambridge, UK: Department of Applied Economics, University of Cambridge.
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal Of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
Phillips, P. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. Qiu, J., Liu, W., & Ning, N. (2020). Evolution of regional innovation with spatial knowledge spillovers: Convergence or divergence? Networks and Spatial Economics, 20(1), 179–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-019-09477-2
Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy 94(5). https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190
Said, S., & Dickey, D. (1984). Testing for unit root in autoregressive moving average model of unknown order. Biometrika, 71, 599-607.
Sin, S. C. J. (2011). International coauthorship and citation impact: A bibliometric study of six LIS journals, 1980-2008. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(9), 1770–1783. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21572
Smeets, R., & De Vaal, A. (2006). An integrated framework of knowledge spillovers from FDI. Radboud University Nijmegen. http://www.ru.nl/economics/research/niceworkingpapers.
UNDP. (2022). Human development report. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights#/ranks. Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2023.
Web of Science. (2023). Domestic/International collaboration. https://incites.clarivate.com/#/analysis/0/region?t=1683223626543. Erşim Tarihi: 05.07.2023
World Bank. (2023). World development indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS&country=# Erşim Tarihi: 09.07.2023
Xu, X., Wang, Z., Zhou, B., & Zhang, Z. (2019). The empirical analysis of knowledge spillover effect measurement. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 17(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2018.1557998
Yenisu, E. (2019). Türkiye’de ihracat, ithalat ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 18(3), 1175-1193.
Zahringer, K., Kolympiris, C., & Kalaitzandonakes, N. (2017). Academic knowledge quality differentials and the quality of firm innovation. Industrial and Corporate Change, 26(5), 821–844. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtw050
Zhang, X., Wan, G., Li, J., & He, Z. (2020). Global spatial economic interaction: knowledge spillover or technical diffusion? Spatial Economic Analysis, 15(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2019.1578402.