Gazeteciliğin Doğuşu: Eleştirel Bir Tarihyazımına Doğru

ÖzetBu yazı, gazeteciliğin profesyonel ve modern bir alan olarak ortaya çıkışını incelemektedir.Çalışmanın amacı, İngiliz ve Amerikan gazetecilik geleneklerinin toplumsal, ekonomik vesöylemsel olarak şekillendiği sürecin izini sürerek, basın tarihine yönelik liberal anlatıda gözardı edilen sınıf savaşımı, toplumsal denetim ve depolitizasyon gibi unsurların gazetecilikalanının oluşumundaki rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Profesyonel gazetecilik modelini, devrimcive partizan basının yerinden edilmesiyle işaretlenen demokratik bir zafer olarak görenyaklaşımlara karşı çıkan bu yazı, liberal gazetecilik tarihi anlatısının ideolojik içerimlerine vetuzaklarına dikkat çekmektedir.Anahtar Sözcükler: gazetecilik, eleştirel tarihyazımı, profesyonelleşme, objektiflik,depolitizasyon AbstractThis paper delves into the historical conditions behind the emergence of journalism as aprofessional and modern practice. It offers a theoretical debate on the conditions of journalismby tracing back various social, economic and discursive formations of British and Americanjournalistic traditions from 16th to the mid-20th centuries. In doing so, it aims at developinga critical historiography for journalism by particularly focusing on issues of class struggle,social control and de-politicisation which are deliberately abandoned in the liberal accounts.By challenging approaches celebrating “professional journalism” as a democratic triumphover the displacement of earlier forms of revolutionary and partisan press, this paper disclosesthe ideological implications and caveats of the liberal narrative of the history of journalism.Keywords: journalism, critical historiography, professionalism, objectivity, depoliticisation

Anahtar Kelimeler:

-, gazetecilik, eleştirel tarihyazımı, profesyonelleşme, objektiflik, depolitizasyon

The Birth of Journalism: Towards a Critical Historiography

PDF

___

Arendt, H. (1958/1994). İnsanlık Durumu, çev. Bahadır Sina Şener, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Asquith, I. (1978). “The Structure, Ownership and Control of the Press, 1780–1855.” Boyce, G. vd. (der.) Newspaper History: From 17th Century to the Present Day, Londra: Constable içinde, s. 98–116.
Baldasty, Gerald J. (1992). The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Black, Jeremy (2002). “The Press and Politics in the Eighteenth Century”, Media History C.8, S.2, s. 175–182.
Boyce, G. (1978). “The Fourth Estate: The Reappraisal of a Concept”, Boyce, G. vd. (der.) Newspaper History: From 17th Century to the Present Day, Londra: Constable içinde, s. 19–40.
Butterfield, Herbert (1931). The Whig Interpretation of History, Londra: Bell and Sons.
Calhoun, C. (der.) (1993). Habermas and the Public Sphere, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Carey, James (1974). “The Problem of Journalism History”, Journalism History C.1, S.1, s. 3–17.
Chalaby, Jean (1998). The Invention of Journalism, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.
Conboy, Martin (2004). Journalism: A Critical History, Londra: Sage.
Curran, J. (1977). “Capitalism and the Control of the Press”, Curran J. vd. (der.) Mass Communication and Society, Londra: Open University Press içinde. s. 195–230.
Curran, J. (1978). “The Press as an Agency of Social Control: An Historical Perspective”, Boyce, G. vd. (der.) Newspaper History: From 17th Century to the Present Day, Londra: Constable içinde, s. 51–75.
Curran, James (2002). “Media and the Making of British Society, c. 1700–2000”, Media History C.8, S.2, s. 135–154.
Curran, James (2006). Media and Power, Londra & New York: Routledge. Dicken-Garcia, Hazel (1989). Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America, Wisconsin: The
University of Wisconsin Press. Gans, Herbert J. (1979). Deciding What’s News: A study of CBS evening news, NBC nightly news, Newsweek, and Time, New York: Pantheon.
Gorman, Lyn ve David MacLean (2003). Media and Society in the Twentieth Century: A Historical Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell. Habermas, J. (1962/2003). Kamusallığın Yapısal Dönüşümü, çev. Tanıl Bora ve Mithat Sancar, İstanbul: İletişim.
Hall, S. (1978). “Newspapers, Parties and Classes”, The British Press: A Manifesto. Curran J. (der.) Londra: MacMillan içinde, s. 29–52.
Hall, S. (1981). “Notes on Deconstructing the ‘Popular’”, Samuel, R. (der.) People’s History and Socialist Theory, Londra: Routledge and Kegan Paul içinde, s. 227-240.
Herbst, S. (1995). “On the Disappearance of Groups: 19th and Early 20th Century Conceptions of Public Opinion”, Glasser, T. L. ve Salmon, C. T. (der.) Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent, New York: Guilford içinde, s. 89–104.
Huntzicker, William E. (1999). The Popular Press, 1833-1865: The History of American Journalism Vol. 3, Westport: Greenwood Press.
Jeanneney, J. N. (1990/2006). Başlangıcından Günümüze Medya Tarihi, çev. Esra Atuk, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
Keane, J. (1991/1999). Medya ve Demokrasi, çev. Haluk Şahin, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. Kent, C. A. (1989). “Victorian Periodicals and the Constructing of Victorian Reality”, Vann, J. D. ve Arsdel , R. T. van (der.) Victorian Periodical Vol 2, New York: The Modern Language Association of America içinde, s. 1–12.
Lee, Alan J. (1976). The Origins of the Popular Press in England, Londra: Rowman&Littlefield.
Lee, A. J. (1978). “The Structure, Ownership and Control of the Press, 1780–1855”, Boyce, G. vd. (der.) Newspaper History: From 17th Century to the Present Day. Londra: Constable içinde, s. 117–129.
Mindich, David T. Z. (1998). Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism, New York: New York University Press.
Mirando, Joseph A. (2001). “Embracing Objectivity Early On: Journalism Textbooks of the 1800s”, Journal of Mass Media Ethics C.16, S.1, s. 23–32.
Nerone, John (1987). “The Mythology of the Penny Press”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication C.4, S.4, s. 376–404. Nerone, J. (2003). “Approaches to Media History”, Valvidia, A. N. (der.) A Companion to Media Studies. Oxford: Blackwell içinde, s. 93–115.
Örnebring, H. (2007). “A Necessary Profession for the Modern Age?: Nineteenth Century News, Journalism and the Public Sphere”, Butsch, R. (der.) Media and Public Spheres, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, s. 71–82.
Özbek, M. (der.) (2004). Kamusal Alan, İstanbul: Hil Yayınları.
Park, Robert E. (1923). “The Natural History of the Newspaper”, The American Journal of Sociology
C.29, S.3, s. 273–289.
Parsley, Jeffrey L. (2001). The Tyranny of Printers: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic, Charlotsville: University Press of Virginia.
Plumb, John Arthur (1973). “The Commercialisation of Leisure in the 18th Century England”, The Stenton Lecture 1972, University of Reading. Scannell, P. (2002). “History, Media and Communication”, Jensen, K. (der.) A Handbook of Media and Communication Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies, Londra: Routledge içinde, s. 191–207. Schiller, Dan (1979). “An Historical Approach to Objectivity and Professionalism in American News Reporting”, Journal of Communication C.29, S.4, s. 46–57.
Schiller, Dan (1981). Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Schudson, Michael (1978). Discovering the News: A Social History of American Journalism, New York: Basic Books.
Schudson, Michael (1995). The Power of News, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Schudson, Michael (2001). “The Objectivity Norm in American Journalism”, Journalism C.2, S.2, s. 149–170.
Siebert, Fred S., Theodore Peterson ve Wilbur Schramm (1956/1963). Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do, Urbana ve Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Sloan, David (1991). Perspectives on Mass Communication History, Hillsdale: LEA Publishing. Stevens, John D. ve Hazel Dicken-Garcia (1980). Communication History, Beverly Hills& Londra: Sage. Thompson, E. P. (1963/2004). İngiliz İşçi Sınıfının Oluşumu, çev. Uygur Kocabaşoğlu, İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
Ward, Stephen J. A. (2004). The Invention of Journalism Ethics: The Path to Objectivity and Beyond, Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Williams, R. (1970). “Radical and/or Respectable”, Boston, R. (der.) The Press We Deserve, Londra: Routledge&Kegan Paul içinde, s. 14–26.
Williams, Raymond (1975). The Long Revolution, Londra: Penguin.
Williams, R. (1978). “The Press and the Popular Culture: An Historical Perspective”, Boyce, G. vd. (der.) Newspaper History: From 17th Century to the Present Day, Londra: Constable içinde, s. 41–50.