YÖNETİM KURULU VE KAR YÖNETİMİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: BORSA İSTANBUL ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME*

Bu çalışmanın amacı yönetim kurulu ve kar yönetimi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. 2009-2012 yıllarını kapsayan bu çalışmada Borsa İstanbula kayıtlı firma verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada kar yönetimi göstergesi olarak Modifiye Edilmiş Jones modeli kullanılmıştır. Yönetim kurulu yapısı göstergeleri olarak; yönetim kurulu büyüklüğü, dualite, bayan üye ve bağımsız üye kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca üç kontrol değişkeninden (karlılık, firma büyüklüğü ve borçlanma oranı) yararlanılmıştır. Yapılan ampirik analiz sonucunda yönetim kurulu büyüklüğü ile kar yönetimi arasında negatif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı buna karşın dualite ile kar yönetimi arasında pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişkinin varlığı tespit edilmiştir.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT: AN INVESTIGATION ON BORSA ISTANBUL

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between board of directors and earnings management. For this purpose, data of firms which listed in Borsa Istanbul (BIST) during 2009-2012 were analyzed. Modified Jones Model is used to measure the earnings management. As indicators of board structure; board size, duality, woman member and independent member are used. As control variables; profitability, firm size and debt ratio are used in the study. The analysis showed that there is a negative and statistically significant relationship between board size and earnings management whereas a positive and statistically significant relationship between duality and earnings management.

___

  • Abed, S., A.Al-Attar and M.Suwaidan (2012), “Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: Jordanian Evidence”, International Business Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 216-225.
  • Adams, R., and Ferreira, D. (2009), “Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance”, Journal of Financial Economics 94 (2), pp. 291–309.
  • Alves, S.M.G. (2011), “The effect of the board structure on earnings management: evidence from Portugal”, Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 9(2), pp. 141-160.
  • Banderlipe, M.R.S. (2009), “The Impact of Selected Corporate Governance Variables in Mitigating Earnings Management in the Philippines”, DLSU Business & Economics Review 19.1, pp. 17-27
  • Bar Yosef, S. and Prencipe A. (2013), “The Impact of Corporate Governance and Earnings Management on Stock Market Liquidity in a Highly Concentrated Ownership Capital Market”, Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 28(3), pp. 292–316
  • Beasley, M. S. (1996), “An Empirical Analysis of the Relation between the Board of Directors and Financial Statement Fraud”, The Accounting Review, 71, pp. 443–465.
  • Becker, C.L., M. L. Defond, J. Jiambalvo, and K. R. Subramanyam. (1998), “The Effect of Audit Quality on Earnings Management”, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol: 15, No: 1, pp. 1-24.
  • Benkel, M., Mather, P. And Ramsay, A. (2006), “The Association between corporate governance and earnings management: The role of independent directors”, Corporate Ownership&Control, Vol.3, Issue 4, pp. 65-75.
  • Bernardi, R. and Arnold, D. (1997), “An examination of moral development within public accounting by gender, staff level, and firm”, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 653-68.
  • Carter, D. A., Simkins, B.J. and Simpson, W.G. (2003), “Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value. Financial Review 38 (3), pp. 33–53.
  • Ching, K., Firth, M., and Kim, J. (2006), “Earnings management, corporate governance, and the market performance of seasoned equity offerings”, Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 36, pp. 73–98.
  • Chtourou, S., Bedard, J., Courteau, L., (2001), “Corporate governance and earnings management”,http://aaahq.org/audit/midyear/02midyear/papers/ governance-earnings-mgt.pdf
  • Cornett, M.M, McNutt, J.J. and Tehranian, H. (2009), “Corporate governance and earnings management at large U.S. bank holding companies”, Journal of Corporate Finance 15 pp. 412–430
  • Davidson, R., Goodwin, J., and Kent, P. (2005), “Internal governance structures and earnings management”, Accounting and Finance, 45, pp. 241–267.
  • DeAngelo, H., DeAngelo, L., and D., Skinner (1994), “Accounting choice in troubled Companies”, Journal of Accounting and Economics 17, pp.113- 143.
  • Dechow, PM, Sloan, RG and Sweeney, AP. (1995), “Detecting earnings management”, The Accounting Review, vol.70, no.2, pp. 193-225.
  • Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., and Sweeney, A. P. (1996). “Causes and Consequences of Earnings Manipulation: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by SEC” Contemporary Accounting Research, 13(1), pp, 1-35.
  • Burgstahler, D. and I. Dichev. (1997),“Earnings management to avoid earnings decreases and losses”, Journal of Accounting and Economics , 24(1), pp. 99-126.
  • Donaldson, L., ve Davis, J. H. (1991), “Stewardship Theory or Agency Theory: CEO Governance and Shareholder Returns”, Australian Journal of Management, 16 (1), pp. 49-64.
  • Epps, R.W. and Ismail, T.H. (2009), “Board of directors’ governance challenges and earnings management”, Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change Vol. 5 No. 3, 2009 pp. 390-416
  • Fama, E. F., and M. Jensen. (1983) ‘‘Separation of Ownership and Control.’’ Journal of Law and Economics 26, pp. 301–325.
  • Fodio, M.I, Ibikunle, J. and Oba, V.C. (2013), “Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Reported Earnings Quality in Listed Nigerian Insurance Firms”, International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(5) pp. 279-286
  • Fondas, N. and Sassalos, S. (2000), “A different voice in the boardroom: how the presence of women directors affects board influence over management”, Global Focus, Vol. 12, pp. 13-22.
  • Ghosh, A., A.Marra and M.Doocheol (2010), “Corporate Boards, audit committees, and earnings management: Pre-and Post-SOX evidence”, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 37, pp. 1145-1176.
  • Gonzalez, J. S., and E. Garcia-Meca (2014), “Does Corporate Governance Influence Earnings Management in Latin American Markets?”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 121, Issue 3, pp. 419-440.
  • Gulzar, M.A., and Z.Wang (2011), “Corporate Governance Characteristics and Earnings Management; Empirical Evidence from Chinese Listed Firms”, International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, Vol.1, No.1, pp. 133-151.
  • Healy, P.M. and Wahlen, J.M. (1999), “A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard settings”, Accounting Horizons, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 365-383.
  • Hili, W., and Affes, H. (2012), “Corporate Boards Gender Diversity and Earnings Persistence: The Case of French Listed Firms”, Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume 12 Issue 22, p. 50-59.
  • Huse, M. and Solberg, A. (2006), “Gender-related boardroom dynamics: How Scandinavian women make and can make contributions on corporate boards”, Women in Management Review, Vol. 21, pp. 113-30.
  • Iqbal, A. and Strong, N. (2010), “The effect of corporate governance on earnings management around UK rights issues”, International Journal of Managerial Finance, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 168-189.
  • Jaggi, B., Leung, S. and Gul, F. (2009), “Family control, board independence and earnings management: Evidence based on Hong Kong firms”, Journal of Accounting Public Policy 28 pp. 281–300
  • Jensen, M.C. (1993), “The modern industrial revolution, exit and the failure of international control system”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 831-880.
  • Jones, J. (1991), “Earnings management during import relief investigations”, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 193-223.
  • Kang, S-A. and Kim, Y-S. (2012), “Effect of Corporate Governance on Real Activity-Based Earnings Management: Evidence from Korea”, Journal of Business Economics and ManagementVolume 13(1), pp. 29–52
  • Kim, H.J. and Yoon, S.S. (2008), “ The Impact of Coroporate Governance on Earnings Management in Korea”, Malaysian Accounting Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 43-59
  • Klein, A. (2002), “Audit Committee, Board of Director Characteristics, and Earnings Management”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp.375-401.
  • Krishnan, G. V., and Parsons, L. M. (2008), “Getting to the bottom line: an exploration of gender and earnings quality”, Journal of Business Ethics 78, pp. 65-76.
  • Kumari, P. And Pattanayak, J.K. (2014) The Role of Board Characteristics as a Control Mechanism of Earnings Management: A Study of Select Indian Service Sector Companies” pp. 58-69
  • Lai, L. and Tam, H. (2007), “Independent directors and the propensity to smooth earnings: a study of corporate governance in China”, The Business Review, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 328-336.
  • Loderer, C. and Peyer, U. (2002), “Board overlap, seat accumulation and share prices”, European Financial Management, 8, pp. 165-192.
  • MacLeod Heminway, J. (2007), “Sex, trust, and corporate boards”, Hastings Women’s Law Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 173-93.
  • Man, C-H., Wong, B. and Seng, H. (2013), “Corporate Governance And Earnings Management: A Survey Of Literature”, The Journal of Applied Business Research,Volume 29, Number 2, pp. 391-418.
  • Mohamad, M.H.S., Rashid, H.M.A. and Shawtari, F.A.M. (2012), “Corporate governance and earnings management in Malaysian government linked companies The impact of GLCs’ transformation policy”, Asian Review of Accounting, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 241-258
  • Moradi, M., Salehi, M., Bighi, S.J.H., and Najari, M. (2012), “A Study of Relationship between Board Characteristics and Earnings Management: Iranian Scenario”, Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 12-29.
  • Murhadi, W.R. (2009), “Good Corporate Governance And Earnings Management Practices: An Indonesian Cases”, Proceedings ICBMR , Vol. 3, No. 1 pp. 100-120.
  • Nahandi, Y.B., Baghbani, S.M., and Bolori, A. (2011), “Board Combination and Earnings Management: Evidence from Iran”, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 1(12), pp. 3116-3126.
  • Niu, F.F. (2006) “Corporate governance and the quality of accounting earnings: a Canadian perspective”, International Journal of Managerial Finance, Vol. 2 Iss: 4, pp.302 – 327
  • Osma, B.G. (2008), “Board independence and real earnings management: the case of R&D expenditure”, Corporate Governance: An International Review 16 (2), pp. 116-131
  • Osma, B.G. and Noguer, B.G. (2007), “The effect of the board composition and its monitoring committees on EM: evidence from Spain”, Corporate Governance, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 1413-1428.
  • Peasnell, K., Pope, P., Young, S., (2000), “Accrual management to meet earnings targets: UK evidence pre- and post-Cadbury”, The British Accounting Review 32 (4), pp. 415 – 445.
  • Peasnell, K.V., Pope, P.F. and Young, S. (2005), “Board monitoring and earnings management: do outside directors’ influence abnormal accruals?”, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Vol. 32 No 7-8, pp. 1311-1346.
  • Peni, E., and Vahamaa, S. (2010), “Female executives and earnings management” Managerial Finance, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 629–645.
  • Rahman, A. R., and Ali, F.H. (2006), “Board, audit committee and culture and earnings management: Malaysian evidence”, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 21 No. 7, pp. 783-804.
  • Rechner, P. L., and D. R. Dalton. (1991), ‘‘CEO Duality and Organizational Performance: A Longitudinal Analysis.’’ Strategic Management Journal 12 (2), pp. 155–160.
  • Roodposhti, F.R., and Chashmi, S.A.N. (2010), “The Effect of Board Composition and Ownership Concentration on Earnings Management: Evidence from IRAN”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol:4, pp. 137-142.
  • Santiago, M., and Brown, C. (2009), “An empirical analysis of Latin American board of directors and minority shareholders’ rights”, Forum Empresarial, 14(2), pp. 1–18.
  • Sarkar, J., Sarkar, S. and Sen, K. (2008), “Board of Directors and Opportunistic Earnings Management: Evidence from India”, Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, pp. 517-551
  • Shen, C-H., and Chih, H-L. (2007), “Earnings Management and Corporate Governance in Asia’s Emerging Markets”, Corporate Governance, Volume 15 Number 5, pp. 10-21
  • Schipper, K., (1989), “Commentary on earnings management”, Accounting Horizons, 3 (4), pp. 91–102.
  • Tang, H-W., and Chang, C-C. (2014), “Does corporate governance affect the relationship between earnings management and firm performance? An endogenous switching regression model” Review of Quantitative Financial Accounting, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10551-013-1700-8
  • Teoh, S. H., Welch, I. and Wong, T. J. (1998), “Earnings Management and the Underperformance of Seasoned Equity Offerings”, Journal of Financial Economics, 50, pp. 63–99.
  • Vafeas, N. (2000), “Board structure and the informativeness of earnings”, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 19(2), pp. 139-160.
  • Visvanathan, G. (2008), “Corporate Governance and Real Earnings Management”, Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, Volume 12, Number 1, pp. 9-21.
  • Watts, R.L., and J.L. Zimmerman. (1986), Positive Accounting Theory, First Edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, Inc.
  • Wuryani, E., (2012) “Company size in response to earnings management and company performance”, Journal of Economics, Business and Accountancy Ventura, Vol.15, No.3, pp. 491-506.
  • Xie, B., Davidson, W. and DaDalt, P. (2003), “Earning management and corporate governance: the role of the board and the audit committee”, Journal of Corporate Finance, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 295-316.
  • Yang, W.S., Chun, L.S., and Ramadili, S.M. (2009), “The Effect of Board Structure and Institutional Ownership Structure on Earnings Management”, International Journal of Economics and Management, 3(2), pp. 332-353.
  • Ye, K., Zhang, R. and Rezaee, Z. (2010), “Does top executive gender diversity affect earnings quality? A large sample analysis of Chinese listed firms”, Advances in Accounting, 26 (1), pp. 47-54.
  • Yermack, D. (1996). “Higher market valuation companies with a small board of directors”, Journal of Financial Economics 40, pp. 185-212.