GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE EBELİK: TARİHİ BİR İNCELEME

Ebelik, sağlık mesleklerinin arasında geleneksel ve tarihi en eski, işlev yönünden de en önemli olan, dünyanın ilk holistik mesleğidir ve bu mesleğin hedefinde "bakım" daima kadın merkezli olmuştur. Pek çok tarihi değişim yaşamış olan ebelik toplumsal bir meslektir. Bu değişimlerin çoğu, bakımın anlamını, uygulamaya katkısını ve standart hale gelmiş becerileri kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; kronolojik bir sıra ile ebeliğin tarih boyunca geçirdiği büyük değişimleri ve bu değişimlere neden olan sosyo-kültürel faktörleri eleştirel olarak incelemektir. Çalışmanın verilerini toplamak için kütüphane ve bilgisayar araştırması yapılmıştır. Kütüphane araştırmasında Tarih öncesi devirden (Taş, Maden Devri) Tarih Devirlerine (İlk, Orta, Yakın, Yeni Çağ) kadar değişen zaman aralığında ebelikteki gelişmelerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bilgisayar araştırmasında ise, tarih boyunca ebeliğin uygulama kapsamını şekillendiren önemli sosyal ve kültürel faktörlere odaklanan farklı akademik görüşler belirlenmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Medline, PubMed, Turkish Medline, Akademik Google elektronik veri tabanlarının kapsamlı bir incelemesi yapılmıştır. Ebelik, tarih boyunca makro ve mikro sosyo-kültürel faktörlerin rol oynadığı kadın merkezli ve toplumsal bir meslektir. Sosyal örgütlerin gücü, medeniyetlerin sürekliliği ve sanayileşmenin üretkenliği, bireysel bakımdan holistik yaklaşıma kadar ebelikte "bakım" kavramını değiştiren önemli makro sosyokültürel faktörler olmuştur. Bu da mesleğin değişimini etkilemiştir. Cinsel kimlik, toplumsal sınıf, otorite ve örgün eğitimin erişilebilirliği, uygulamalarda mesleği değiştiren mikro sosyo-kültürel faktörler arasında sayılabilir

Midwifery from Past to Present: A Historical Review

Being traditional and the oldest one among health occupations and also the most important in terms of the function, midwifery is the first holistic profession in the world and the “care” is woman-centered in the aim of this profession. Midwifery, which has gone through many historical transitions, is a social profession. Most of these transitions involve the meaning of the care, its contribution to the practice and its standardized skills. The purpose of this study is to critically investigate major historical transitions of midwifery in chronological order and socio-cultural factors that have caused these transitions. Library survey and computer search were performed to collect the data of the study. During library survey, it was aimed at determining developments on midwifery within the period ranging from prehistoric age (Stone age, Metal age) to history ages (First age, Medieval Age, Modern Age, New Age). On the other hand, as a result of computer search, academic opinions focusing on important social and cultural factors shaping practice scope of midwifery throughout history were found. In line with this purpose, an extensive review was conducted on electronic databases of Medline, PubMed, Turkish Medline, and Academic Google. Midwifery is a womancentered and social profession on which macro and micro socio-cultural factors have played a role throughout history. Power of social organizations, consistency of civilizations, and productivity of industrialization are the significant macro social-cultural factors that change concept of “care” in midwifery from self-care to holistic approach. This affected change of the profession. Gender identity, social class, authority and accessibility of formal education are among micro socio-cultural factors that affect the profession in its practices

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