Farklı Kaynaklardan Temin Edilen Zencefil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Rizom Örneklerinin Farmakopeye Uygunluğunun Araştırılması

Giriş: Zencefil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de çeşitli rahatsızlıklarda sıklıkla kullanılan bir bitkidir. İnsanların ülkemizde tıbbi amaçla kullanılabileceği farmasötik kalitede zencefile ulaşması pek mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle tıbbi amaçla kullanılacak zencefil rizomları aktar, market, internet sitesi gibi satış kanallarından temin edilmektedir. Buralarda satışa sunulan zencefilin farmasötik kaliteyi karşılaması beklenmemektedir. Ancak başka kaynak olmaması nedeniyle, piyasada satılan örneklerin farmakope ölçütleri açısından incelenmesiyle elde edilecek sonuçlar önem kazanmıştır. Bu nedenle farklı satış kanallarından belirli sayıda zencefil rizom örneği temin edilerek farmakope ölçütleri açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Toplam 10 farklı kaynaktan (internet siteleri, Ankara ve İstanbul’daki bazı aktarlar) temin edilen zencefil rizomları Avrupa Farmakopesi (8.0) içinde yer alan zencefil monografına göre morfolojik tayin, mikroskobik tayin, ince tabaka kromatografisi, su miktar tayini, toplam kül miktar tayini ve uçucu yağ miktar tayini deneyleri yapılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Avrupa Farmakopesi’nde yer alan (8.0) zencefil monografına göre yapılan testlerde 10 örneğin altısının uçucu yağ içeriği belirtilen miktarın altında bulunmuştur. Diğer sonuçların tümü monografta belirtilen gereksinimlere uymuştur.Sonuç: Piyasadan elde edilen 10 örnekten yalnızca dördü Avrupa Farmakopesi (8.0) gerekliliklerini karşılamıştır. Diğer örnekler, farmakopedeki spesifikasyonlara uymadığı için tıbbi kullanıma uygun bulunmamıştır. Sınırlı sayıda örnek üzerinde yapılan bu çalışma, piyasadaki zencefil rizomlarının genel profili hakkında net bir sonuç vermese de daha detaylı çalışmalar için bir gösterge olarak kabul edilebilir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, ülkemizde terapötik amaçlara uygun farmasötik kalitede zencefil rizomlarına ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Zencefil, Zingiber officinale, Fitoterapi, Zingiberaceae, Farmakope analizi.

Investigation of Pharmacopoeia Compliance of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Rhizome Samples Obtained from Different Sources

Introduction: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) is a plant that is frequently used in our country as well as in the world for various ailments. It is not possible for people to reach pharmaceutical grade ginger that can be used for medical purposes in our country. For this reason, ginger rhizomes to be used for medicinal purposes are supplied from sales channels such as akhtars, markets and websites. Ginger offered for sale here is not expected to meet pharmaceutical quality. However, since there are no other sources, the results to be obtained by examining the samples sold here in terms of pharmacopoeia criteria have gained importance. For this reason, it was aimed to obtain a certain number of ginger rhizome samples from different sales channels and evaluate them in terms of pharmacopoeia criteria.Methods: Ginger rhizomes obtained from a total of 10 different sources (websites, some akhtars in Ankara and Istanbul) were analyzed according to the ginger monograph in the European Pharmacopeia (8.0) by conducting morphological identification, microscopic identification, thin layer chromatography, water quantification, total ash determination and essential oil assays (8.0).Results: In the tests performed according to the ginger monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia (8.0), the essential oil content of six out of 10 samples was found below the amount specified. The other results were all complied with the requirements stated in the monograph.Conclusion: Only four out of 10 samples obtained from the market were met the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (8.0). Other samples were found not suitable for medicinal use as they did not meet the specifications in the pharmacopoeia. Although this study, conducted on a limited number of samples, does not give a clear result about the general profile of the ginger rhizomes in the market, it can be accepted as an indicator for more detailed studies. As a result, this study shows that in our country there is a need for pharmaceutical grade ginger rhizomes suitable for therapeutic purposes.

Keywords:

Ginger, Zingiber officinale, phytoterapy, Zingiberaceae, Pharmacopoeia analysis,

PDF

___

1. Banerjee S, Mullick HI, Banerjee, J. Zingiber officinale: A natural gold. Int J Pharma Bio Sci, 2011;2(1):283-94.
2. Larsen K, Lock JM, Maas H, Maas PJM. Flowering plants monocotyledons Volume IV. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1998.
3. Wagner H, Püls S, Barghouti T, Staudinger A, Melchart D, editors. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis of herbal medicines thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography of Chinese drugs, vol. 5. Switzerland: Springer; 2017.
4. Ravindran PN, Babu KN, editors. Ginger: The Genus Zingiber. United States of America: CRC Press; 2005.
5. Kizhakkayil J, Sasikumar B. Diversity, characterization and utilization of ginger: A review. Plant Genet Resour-C, 2011;9(3),464-77.
6. Minaiyan M, et al. Anti-ulcerogenic effect of ginger (rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) hydroalcoholic extract on acetic acid-induced acute colitis in rats. RPS, 2008;3(2),15-22.
7. Gunther RT. The Greek herbal of Dioscorides. New York: Hafner Publishing Company; 1959.
8. Kahya E. El-Kânûn Fi't-Tıbb - İkinci Kitap. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları; 2009.
9. Ahmad I, et al. Bioactive compounds from Punica granatum, Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale and their therapeutic potential. Drug Future, 2008;33(4),329-46.
10. Ali BH, et al. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol, 2008;46,409-20.
11. Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KVB. A review on pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae). J Pharm Res, 2011;4(9),2963-6.
12. Webcitation.org [Internet]. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E, Ginger root; [cited 2018 May 5]. Available from: http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.herbalgram.org%2FexpandedE%2FGingerroot.html%3Fts%3D1526297737%26signature%3D8f38a6d00917ecafff07a1e0419205f0%26ts%3D1526297760%26signature%3Dfc880d76f88fac347df67d7c74cc21fb&date=2018-05-14.
13. Konuklugil B, Özçelikay G. Zencefil'in (Zingiber officinale ) tarih boyunca önemi ve günümüzdeki kullanımı. OTAM, 2004;16,173-89.
14. Wohlmuth H, et al. Gingerol content of diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). J Agr Food Chem, 2005;53,5772-8.
15. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Commumity herbal monograph on Zingiber officinale Roscoe, rhizoma. London: 2012.
16. The European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP) Monographs. Zingiberis rhizoma. The scientific foundation for herbal medicinal products. (Second edition supplement). Great Britain: Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn; 2003.
17. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C, editors. Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) for herbal medicines (Second edition). Ginger (Zingiber officinale). New Jersey: Medical economics comp; 2000.
18. World Health Organization (WHO). Rhizoma Zingiberis. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants – Volume 1. Geneva; 1999.
19. Fischer-Rasmussen W, et al. Ginger treatment of hyperemesis. Eur J Obstet Gyn R B, 1991;38(1),19-24.
20. Sontakke S, Thawani V, Naik MS. Ginger as an antiemetic in nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy: A randomized, cross-over, double blind study. Indian J Pharmacol, 2003;35,32-6.
21. Phillips S, Ruggier R, Hutchinson SE. Zingiber officinale (ginger)-an antiemetic for day case surgery. Anaesthesia, 1993;48,715-7.
22. Black CD, et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. J Pain, 2010;11(9),894-903.
23. Haghighi M, et al. Comparing the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract and ibuprofen on patients with osteoarthritis. Arch Iran Med, 2005;8(4),267-71.
24. Ozgoli G, Goli M, Moattar F. Comparison of effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen on pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complem Med, 2009;15(2),129-32.
25. Alizadeh-Navaei R, et al. Investigation of the effect of ginger on the lipid levels. A double blind controlled clinical trial. Saudi Med J, 2008;29(9),1280-4.
26. Atashak S, et al. Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) supplementation and resistance training on some blood oxidative stress markers in obese men. J Exerc Sci Fit, 2014;12(1),26-30.
27. Hirata A, et al. Ginger orally disintegrating tablets to improve swallowing in older people. Biol Pharm Bull, 2016;39(7),1107-11.
28. Hosseini J, et al. The influence of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on human sperm quality and DNA fragmentation: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Int J Reprod Med, 2016;14(8),533-40.
29. Saenghong N, et al. Zingiber officinale improves cognitive function of the middle-aged healthy women. Evid-Based Compl Alt, 2012;ID 383062.
30. Parthasarathy VA, Chempakam B, Zachariah TJ, editors. Chemistry of spices. United Kingdom: Biddles Limited; 2008.
31. Agrahari P, et al. A brief study on Zingiber officinale - a review. JDDT, 2015;(3)28,20-7.
32. Chrubasik S, Pittler MH, Roufogalis, BD. Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine, 2004;12,684–701.
33. Ambrose I, et al. Antibacterial and phytochemical properties of crude extract of Zingiber officinale. J Biotechnol, 2016;1(1),1-10.
34. Indian Council of Medicinal Research. Ginger: Its role in xenobiotic metabolism. New Delhi: ICMR Offset Press, 2003;33(6),57-63.
35. Kikuzaki H. Ginger for drug for spice purposes, In: Mazza, G, a Oomah, BD, editors. Herbs, botanicals & teas. Lancester: Technomic Publishing Company; 2000. pp:77, 80-1, 83-4.
36. Baytop T. Türkiye'de Bitkiler ile Tedavi Geçmişte ve Bugün (İkinci baskı). İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 1999.
37. TÜİK.gov [Internet]. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu; [cited 2021 April 7]. Available from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/menu.zul.
38. European Pharmacopoeia. Zingiberis rhizoma. European Directitorate for the Quality of Medicines. 8th edition. Strasbourg: 2014.
39. Türk Farmakopesi, Genel Monograflar V. Zencefil Rizomu (Zingiberis rhizoma). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1098, TİTCK Yayın No: 21, Artı 6 Reklam Matbaa Ltd. Şti., Ankara: 2018.
40. European Pharmacopoeia. Zingiberis rhizoma. European Directitorate for the Quality of Medicines. 10th edition. Strasbourg: 2019.