Dioskorides'in De Materia Medica İsimli Eserindeki Drogların Veteriner Hekimlik Alanında Kullanımları

Pedanius Dioskorides yaklaşık olarak M.S. 1. yüzyılda yaşamış bir hekimdir. Anadolu’da Adana civarında Anazarba denilen bölgede doğmuş olan Dioskorides, Roma İmparatorları Caligula , Cladius ve Neron ’nun hizmetinde ordu hekimi olarak görev yapmıştır. Bu sayede Roma Ordusu ile birlikte pek çok yeri gezme imkânı bulan Dioskorides gezdiği yerlerde bulunan tıbbi bitkileri, özelliklerini, çeşitli dillerdeki isimlerini, kullanım ve saklama şekillerini anlatan oldukça kapsamlı bir eser yazmıştır. Eserinin Grekçe orijinal adı Peri hyles iatrikes olmakla birlikte, eser daha çok Latince De Materia Medica olarak bilinmektedir. 600’den fazla bitkisel, 35 hayvansal ve 100 kadar da madensel drogu ele alan De Materia Medica beş kitaptan oluşmaktadır. Eserde drogların bulundukları yerler, botanik tarifleri, özellikleri, tıbbi etkileri, kullanım şekilleri, yan etkileri, dozajları, bitki yetiştirme metotları, veteriner hekimlikte ve tıp dışı kullanımları belirtilmiştir John Goodyer’in 1655 yılında İngilizce’ye çevirdiği ve Robert Gunther tarafından hazırlanan İngilizce çevirisine göre I. Kitapta aromatik bitkiler, yağlar, merhemler, ağaçlar ve onlardan elde edilen usareler, reçineler ve meyveler; II. Kitapta hayvanlardan elde edilen droglar, hububat ve sebzeler; III. ve IV. Kitaplarda kökler ve çeşitli köklerin usareleri, yapraklar ve tohumlar; V. Kitapta ise üzümler, şaraplar ve mineraller yer alır. Tess Anne Osbaldeston başkanlığında bir tercüme grubu Robert Gunther’in gözden geçirdiği metni günümüz İngilizcesine çevirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, T.A. Osbaldeston’un ve ekibinin tercüme ettiği nüsha kullanılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Dioscorides, De Materia Medica, Veteriner hekimlik.

Veterınary Usage Of Drugs In De Materıa Medıca Of Dıoscorıdes

De Materia Medica of Dioscorides includes the medicinal properties of over one thousand natural medicinal substances; most of these are botanical in origin, but drugs of animal and mineral origin were also enclosed. Thus it is necessary to consider this monumental work in every aspects. One of them is veterinary usage of drugs in De Materia Medica. The first English version of De Materia Medica was translated by John Goodyer in 1655 and was prepared by Robert Gunther in 1968. A group of scientist moderated by Tess Anne Osbaldeston revised Gunter’s English version in 2000. In this paper, this revised version was used widely. The translations and expressions of revised version was controlled and compared with the Latin and Greek version printed in 1549. Besides the modern research studies were reached to verify the properties and usage of the herbs in veterinary medicine that Dioscorides mentioned. As a result there are seven drugs related to veterinary usage in it such as mastic tree, cedar, olive oil sediment, cuttlefish, Egyptian lupin, Hart’s tongue fern (or Horse tongue), and Wild clematis. Dioscorides suggested external usage for all of them for animal diseases such as parasitic skin diseases, scabs, ulcers, dislocations, and white spots on the cornea. He does not give any dosages of these drugs but he gives application and preparing methods of them. This study shows us that the drugs Dioscorides mentiones for veterinary usage could be effective for external animal diseases.

Keywords:

Dioscorides, De Materia Medica, Veterinary usage,

PDF

___

Gunther R. The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides, Illustrated by A Byzantine A.D. 512, Englished by John Goodyer A.D. 1655,
Edited and First Printed A.D. 1933, Facsimile of The 1934 Edition, London-NewYork; 1968.
Osbaldeston TA., editor. The Herbal of Dioscorides the Greek, Ibidis Press. Johannesburg South Africa; 2000. (https:// tr.scribd.com/doc/94437559/Dioscorides-De-Materia-Medica)
Dioscorides P. Dioscoridis Libri Octo Graecae et Latinae. Paris, 1549. (https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Fcc7AA
AAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=De+Materia+Medica+Dioscorides&hl=tr&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=De%20 Materia%20Medica%20Dioscorides&f=false) Yarnell E. Plant Chemistry in Veterinary Medicine: Medicinal Constituents and Their Mechanisms of Action, In: Wynn SG, Fougère, B J, editors , Veterinary Herbal Medicine, Chine: Elsevier; 2007. pp. 159–182.
Nahida et al. Pistacia Lentiscus: A Review On Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2012; Vol 4, Suppl 4. 16-20.
Landau S. et al. Anthelmintic activity of Pistacia lentiscus foliage in two Middle Eastern breeds of goats differing in their propensity to consume tannin-rich browse, Veterinary Parasitology 2010; 29; 173(3-4), 280-286. (doi: 10.1016/j. vetpar.2010.07.006. Epub 2010 Jul 22.)
Lokman Hekim Dergisi - Lokman Hekim Journal 2016;6(3):121-127 http://lokmanhekim.mersin.
Djerrou Z. et al. Safety and efficacy of Pistacia lentiscus L. fruit’s fatty oil for the treatment of dermal burns: A synthesis report, International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2013; Vol 3, No. 3, 464–469.
Chaudhary AK. et al. Study of antibacterial and antifungal activity of traditional Cedrus deodara and Pinus roxburghii Sarg. International Journal of Genuine Traditional Medicine 2012; Vol 2, Issue 4, e37.
Chaudhary AK. et al. Protective Effect of Cedrus deodora and Pinus roxburghii on Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rat. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014; Vol 6, Issue 4, 587–591.
Daniele C. et al. Atractylis gummifera L. poisoning: an ethnopharmacological review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology ; 97, 175–181 Wynn SG., Fougère, BJ. Veterinary Herbal Medicine: A Systems-Based Approach, In: Wynn SG, Fougère, BJ, editors, Veterinary Herbal Medicine, Chine: Elsevier; 2007. pp. 291-409.
Guemes-Vera N. et al. Comparison of Chemical Composition and Protein Digestibility, Carotenoids, Tanins and Alkaloids Content of Wild Lupinus Varieties Flour, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2012; 11 (8), 676–682.
Radulović NS., Denić MS. Essential Oils from the Roots of Echinops bannaticus Rochel ex Schrad. and Echinops sphaerocephalus L. (Asteraceae): Chemotaxonomic and Biosynthetic Aspect, Chemistry & Biodiversity 2013; Volume 10, Issue 4. 658–676.
Irudayaraj V., Johnson M. Pharmacognostical Studies On Three Asplenium Species, Journal of Phytology 2011; 3(10), –9.
Sohn Y. M. et al. Terpenoid constituents from the aerial parts of Asplenium scolopendrium, Natural Product Sciences ; 14 (4), 265–268. Yesiladaa E., Küpeli E. Clematis vitalba L. aerial part exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2007; 110, 504–515.