The effects of exogenous tyrosine supplement on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivation under lithium stress

In this study, the effects of exogenous Tyrosine (Tyr: 2.5 mM) application on the variations of growth rate parameters, enzymatic and non-enzymatic constituents, oxidative stress, and mineral content under lithium-applied (Li1: 6.44 mM; Li2: 19.32 mM) seedlings of the Anlani F1 spinach cultivar were investigated. Results showed that a higher Li led to a significant reduction in the growth rate parameters including shoot, root, and leaf length, the fresh weight of shoot, root, and leaf, and leaf blade sizes, whereas a lower Li dose resulted in an increase in those parameters. In contrast, the Tyr supply to the Li-applied seedlings resulted in a rise in these measured parameters. Similarly, chlorophyll and polyphenol contents and PAL, APX, CAT, POD, and SOD activities were higher in all exogenous Tyr-treated groups, including lithium-treated groups. Whilst nitrate content was higher in the Li-applied seedlings, NR activity was lower. Also, MDA and H2O2 were found to be higher in the Li-applied group, but exogenous Tyr supplements reduced their levels in the seedlings. Li, Ca, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn accumulation were induced by Li doses and Tyr applications together with Li, but Tyr applications alone reduced all of their levels. Also, exogenous Try supplementations to the Li-applied group caused an important decline in the Li accumulation. As a result, a higher Li dose exhibited a negative effect on the growth rate, chemical constituent, and antioxidant compounds of the Anlani F1 spinach cultivar, but exogenous Tyr supplement improved those examined traits in the Li-applied seedlings.

The effects of exogenous tyrosine supplement on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivation under lithium stress

In this study, the effects of exogenous Tyrosine (Tyr: 2.5 mM) application on the variations of growth rate parameters, enzymatic and non-enzymatic constituents, oxidative stress, and mineral content under lithium-applied (Li1: 6.44 mM; Li2: 19.32 mM) seedlings of the Anlani F1 spinach cultivar were investigated. Results showed that a higher Li led to a significant reduction in the growth rate parameters including shoot, root, and leaf length, the fresh weight of shoot, root, and leaf, and leaf blade sizes, whereas a lower Li dose resulted in an increase in those parameters. In contrast, the Tyr supply to the Li-applied seedlings resulted in a rise in these measured parameters. Similarly, chlorophyll and polyphenol contents and PAL, APX, CAT, POD, and SOD activities were higher in all exogenous Tyr-treated groups, including lithium-treated groups. Whilst nitrate content was higher in the Li-applied seedlings, NR activity was lower. Also, MDA and H2O2 were found to be higher in the Li-applied group, but exogenous Tyr supplements reduced their levels in the seedlings. Li, Ca, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn accumulation were induced by Li doses and Tyr applications together with Li, but Tyr applications alone reduced all of their levels. Also, exogenous Try supplementations to the Li-applied group caused an important decline in the Li accumulation. As a result, a higher Li dose exhibited a negative effect on the growth rate, chemical constituent, and antioxidant compounds of the Anlani F1 spinach cultivar, but exogenous Tyr supplement improved those examined traits in the Li-applied seedlings.

___

  • Al-Mohammad MHS, Al-Taey DKA (2019) Effect of tyrosine and sulfur on growth, yield and antioxidant compounds in Arugula leaves and seeds. Research on Crops 20(1): 116-120.
  • Bakhat HF, Rasul K, Farooq ABU (2020) Growth and physiological response of spinach to various lithium concentrations in soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27: 39717-39725.
  • Bostancı KB, Ulger S (2022) Comparison of spinach cultivation in floating hydroponic system and soil in a glasshouse and open field conditions. Medıterranean Agrıcultural Scıences 35(1): 7-14.
  • Cataldo DA, Haroon M, Schrader LE, Young VL (1975) Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 6(1): 71-80.
  • Citak S, Sonmez S (2010) Effects of conventional and organic fertilization on spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) growth, yield, vitamin C and nitrate concentration during two successive seasons. Scientia Horticulturae 126(4): 415-420.
  • Dickerson DP, Pascholati SF, Hagerman AE, Butler LG, Nicholson RL (1984) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligase in maize mesocotyls inoculated with Helminthosporium maydis or Helminthosporium carbonum. Physiological Plant Pathology 25(2): 111-123.
  • El-Sherbeny MR, Jaime A, Da Silva T (2012) Foliar treatment with proline and tyrosine affect the growth and yield of beetroot and some pigments in beetroot leaves. Journal of Horticultural Research 121(2):95-99.
  • Feduraev P, Skrypnik L, Riabova A, Pungin A, Tokupova T, Maslenikov P, Chupakhina G (2020) Phenylalanine and tyrosine as exogenous precursors of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) secondary metabolism through PAL-associated pathways. Plants 9: 476.
  • Folin O, Denis W (1915) A colorimetric method for the determination of phenols (and phenol derivatives) in urine. Journal of Biological Chemistry 22(2): 305-308.
  • Franzaring J, Schlosser S, Damsohn W, Fangmeier A (2016) Regional differences in plant levels and investigations on the phytotoxicity of lithium. Environmental Pollution 6: 858-865.
  • Gülçur F (1974) Physical and chemical analysis methods of soil. Istanbul University Faculty of Forestry Publications No: 201, Istanbul.
  • Hawrylak-Nowak B, Kalinowska M, Szymańska M (2012) A study on selected physiological parameters of plants grown under lithium supplementation. Biological Trace Element Research 149(3): 425-30.
  • Helaly AAE, Ibrahim FR (2019) Influence of iron, zinc and tyrosine acid on growth, yield components and chemical constituents of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. plant. Current Science International 8(1): 128-139.
  • Hildebrandt TM, Nunes Nesi A, Araújo WL, Braun HP (2015) Amino acid catabolism in plants. Molecular Plant 8: 1563-79.
  • Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1950) The water-culture method for growing plants without soil, California. Agriculture Experiment Station Circular 347: 1-32.
  • Kalinowska M, Hawrylak-Nowak B, Szymańska M (2013) The influence of two lithium forms on the growth, L-ascorbic acid content and lithium accumulation in lettuce plants. Biological Trace Element Research 15(2): 251-257.
  • Klepper L, Flesher D, Hageman RH (1971) Generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for nitrate reduction in green leaves. Plant Physiology 48(5): 580-590.
  • Kukric ZZ, Topalic-Trivunovic LN, Kukavica BM, Matoš SB, Pavičic SS, Boroja MM, Savic AV (2012) Characterization of antioxidant and microbial activities of nettle leaves (Urtica dioica L.). Acta Periodica Technologica 43: 257-272.
  • Kusvuran A, Kaytz A, Yılmaz U, Kusvuran S (2019) The effects of exogenous amıno acıd on growth, ıonıc homeostasıs, bıochemıcal composıtıon and antıoxıdatıve actıvıty of guar (Cyamopsıs tetragonoloba (L.) taub.) seedlıngs. Applied Ecology and Envıronmental Research 17(6): 15519-15530.
  • Lutts S, Kinet JM, Bouharmont J (1996) Effects of various salts and of mannitol on ion and proline accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment in rice (Oryza sativa L.) callus cultures. Journal of Plant Physiology 149: 86-195.
  • Makus DJ, Zibilske L, Lester G (2006) Effect of light intensity, soil type, and lithium addition on spinach and mustard greens leaf constituents. Subtropical Plant Science 58: 35-41.
  • Mulkey TJ (2005) Alteration of growth and gravitropic response of maize roots by lithium. Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin 18(2): 119-120.
  • Perchlik M, Tegeder M (2018) Leaf amino acid supply affects photosynthetic and plant nitrogen use efficiency under nitrogen stress. Plant Physiology 178: 174-188.
  • Robinson BH, Yalamanchali R, Reiser R, Dickinson NM (2018) Lithium as an emerging environmental contaminant: Mobility in the soil-plant system. Chemosphere 197: 1-6.
  • Ruan C, Rodgers MT (2004) Cation−π interactions: structures and energetics of complexation of Na+ and K+ with the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Journal of the American Chemical Society 126: 14600-14610.
  • Saddıque M, Kausar A, Iqra I, Akhter N, Mujahıd N, Parveen A, Zaman Q, Hussaın S (2022) Amino acids application alleviated salinity stress in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) by improving oxidative defence, osmolyte accumulation, and nutrient balance. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 46(6): 875-887.
  • Shams M, Yildirim E, Ekinci M, Turan M, Dursun A, Parlakova F (2016) Exogenously applied glycine betaine regulates some chemical characteristics and antioxidative defence systems in lettuce under salt stress. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 57: 225-231.
  • Siu FM, Ma NL, Tsang CW (2004) Competition between π and non-π cation-binding sites in aromatic amino acids: a theoretical study of alkali metal cation (Li+, Na+, K+)–phenylalanine complexes. Chemistry Europe Journal 10: 1966-1976.
  • Tarasevičienė Ž, Velička A, Paulauskienė A (2021) Impact of foliar application of amino acids on total phenols, phenolic acids content of different mints varieties under the field condition. Plants 10(3): 599.
  • Turfan N (2023) The effects of exogenous melatonın applıcatıon on growth rate parameters and bıoactıve compounds of some spınach cultıvars (Spınach oleracea L.) grown under wınter condıtıons. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 21(2): 1533-1547.
  • Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edreva A (2000) Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Science 151(1): 59-66.
  • Verhoeven A, García-Plazaola JI, Fernández-Marín B (2018) Shared mechanisms of photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms tolerant to desiccation or low temperature. Environmental and Experimental Botany 154: 66-79.
  • Xu J, Liu T, Yang S, Jin X, Qu F, Huang N (2019) Polyamines are involved in GABA-regulated salinity-alkalinity stress tolerance in muskmelon. Environmental and Experimental Botany 164: 181-189.
  • Wang Y, Wang J, Guo D, Zhang H, Che Y, Li Y, Tian B, Wang Z, Sun G, Zhang H (2021) Physiological and comparative transcriptome analysis of leaf response and physiological adaption to saline-alkali stress across pH values in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 167: 140-152.
  • Zhang LL, Han SC, Li ZG, Liu N, Li LY (2006) Effects of the infestation by Actinote thalia pyrrha (Fabricius) on the physiological indexes of Mikania micrantha leaves. Acta Ecologica Sinica 26(5): 1330-1336.
  • Zhang K, Wu Y, Hang H (2019) Differential contributions of NO3- /NH4+ to nitrogen use in response to a variable inorganic nitrogen supply in plantlets of two Brassicaceae species in vitro. Plant Methods 15: 86.
  • Zhang TP, Zhang WX, Li DX, Zhou FL, Chen X, Li, CY, Yu S, Brestic M, Liu Y, Yang XH (2021) Glycinebetaine: a versatile protectant to improve rice performance against aluminium stress by regulating alu¬minium uptake and translocation. Plant Cell Reports 40: 2397-2407.