HANDAN KAYHAN, Serdar KOCA, Melike ÖZDEMİR, Berk DAYANIR, Barış SÖYLEMEZ, Yelda ÖZSUNAR

Investigation of Potential Genotoxic Effects of Magnetic Field Used in Imaging

Objective: Although the high magnetic field is commonly accepted as harmless for biological tissues, there is no consensus about its biological effects. This study aims to investigate probable genetic damages of magnetic field on biological tissues using a simple and widely accepted method, Allium test. Materials and Methods: The same sized healthy Allium cepa (onion) plants were exposed to 0.5 Tesla magnetic field for 0, 8, 24 and 72 hours as groups of four. Allium test was applied and at least 4.000 cells were counted for each group. Observed chromosomal aberrations were analyzed and photographed. Results: Magnetic field application adversely affected the mitotic activity in the experiment group compared to the control. The chromosomal aberrations increased in proportion to increased magnetic field exposure times. The most encountered aberrations were C-metaphase, stickiness, lagging chromosome, anaphase bridge, micronucleus, irregular anaphase, and polar deviation. The group comparisons showed statistically significant differences between the control group and 8, 24 and 72 hour magnetic field exposure groups. Conclusion: This study has shown potential genotoxic and mutagenic effects of high magnetic field on Allium cepa root tip cells using Allium test. Although there is a need for more studies, the data in the study show that the strong magnetic field leads to chromosomal disorders.

Görüntülemede Kullanılan Manyetik Alanın Genotoksik Etkileri

Amaç: Yüksek manyetik alan yaygın olarak biyolojik dokular için zararsız kabul edilse de, biyolojik etkileri konusunda fikir birliği yoktur. Bu çalışma, basit ve yaygın olarak kabul gören Allium testini kullanarak biyolojik dokulardaki manyetik alanın muhtemel genetik hasarlarını araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Aynı büyüklükte sağlıklı Allium cepa (soğan) bitkileri 0, 8, 24, 72 saat 0,5 Tesla manyetik alana maruz bırakılan dört grupta incelendi. Maruziyet sonrası Allium testi yapılmış ve her grup için en az 4.000 hücre incelenmiştir. Bu hücrelerde gözlemlenen kromozom anormallikleri analiz edildi ve fotoğraflandı. Bulgular: Manyetik alan uygulaması, mitotik aktiviteyi olumsuz etkiledi. Kromozomal sapmalar, manyetik alana maruz kalma sürelerine oranla arttı. En sık görülen sapmalar C-metafaz, yapışkanlık (stickiness), geri kalmış kromozom (lagging chromosome), anafaz köprüsü (anaphase bridge), mikronükleus (micronucleus), düzensiz anafaz (irregular anaphase) ve kutup sapması (polar deviation) oldu. Grup karşılaştırmaları, kontrol grubu (0 saat) ile 8, 24 ve 72 saatlik manyetik alan maruziyet grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdi. Sonuç: Bu çalışma, Allium testini kullanarak güçlü manyetik alanın potansiyel genotoksik ve mutajenik etkilerini göstermiştir. Her ne kadar daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç bulunsa da, bu çalışmadaki veriler göstermiştir ki, güçlü manyetik alan kromozomal bozukluklara yol açmaktadır.

PDF

___

1. Margonato V, Nicolini P, Conti R, Zecca L, Veicsteinas A, Cerretelli P. Biologic effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: II. 50 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1995; 16: 343-55.

2. Formica D, Silvestri S. Biological effects of exposure to magnetic resonance imaging: an overview. Biomed Eng Online 2004; 3: 11.

3. Schenck John F. Safety of Strong, Static Magnetic Fields. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000;12;2-19.

4. Leme DM, Marin-Morales MA. Allium cepa test in environmental monitoring: a review on its application. Mutat Res 2009; 682: 71-81.

5. Rank J. The Method of Allium anaphase-telophase Chromosome Aberration Assay. Ekologija 2003; 1; 38-42.

6. Chauhan LKS, Saxena PN. Cytogenetic Effects of Cypermethrin and Fenvalerate on the root Meristems Cells of Allium cepa. Environmental Experimental Botany 1999; 42: 181-9.

7. Dubrovsky JG, Contreras-Burciaga L. A squash preparation method for root meristem field studies. Biotech Histochem 1998; 73: 92-6.

8. Maffei ME. Magnetic Field Effects on Plant Growth, Development, and Evolu-tion. Front Plant Sci 2014; 5: 445.

9. Aksoy H, Unal F, Ozcan SJ. Genotoxic Effects of Electromagnetic Fields from High Voltage Power Lines on Some Plants. Int Res 2010; 4: 595-606.

10. Ghodbane S, Lahbib A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Bioeffects of Static Magnetic Fields: Oxidative and Cancer Studies. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 602987.

11. Rank J, Nielsen MH. Evaluation of the Allium anaphasetelophase test in relation to genotoxicity screening of industrial wastewater. Mutat Res 1994; 12: 17-24.

12. Eleftheriou EP, Adamakis ID, Melissa P. Effects of hexavalent chromium on microtubule organization, ER distribution and callose deposition in root tip cells of Allium cepa L. Protoplasma 2012; 249: 401-16.

13. Badr A. Effects of the S-triazine Herbicid Turbutryn on Mitosis, Chromosomes and Nucleic acids in root tips of Viciafaba root meristems. Cytologia 1986; 51: 571-8.

14. Dönbak L, Rencüzoğulları E, Topaktağ M . The Cytogenetic Effects of the Food Additive Boric acid in Allium cepa L. Cytologia 2002; 153-7.

15. El-Ghamery AA, El-Kholy MA, Abou El-Yousser MA. Evaluation of cytological effects of Zn2+ in relation to germination and root growth of Nigella sativa L. and Triticum aestivum L. Mutat Res 2003; 537: 29-41.

16. Rencüzoğulları E, İla HB, Kayraldız A. Chromosome Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Cultured Human Lymphocytes Treated with Sodium Meta bisul-fit a Food Preservative. Mutat Res 2001: 490: 107-12.

17. Türkoğlu S. Genotoxicity of Five Food Preservatives Tested on Root Tips of Allium cepa L. Mutat Res 2007; 626: 4-14.

18. Gömürgen AN. Cytological effect of the potassium metabisulphite and potassium nitrate food preservative on root tips of Allium cepa L. Cytologia 2005;70:119-128.

19. Türkoğlu S. Evaluation of genotoxic effects of sodium propionate, calcium propio-nate, and potassium propionate on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46: 2035-41.

20. Matthes JH, Bern-hardt PFA. ICNIRP, “Exposure to static and low frequency electromagnetic fields,” in Biological Ef-fects and Health Consequences (kHz). R.Vecchia, and B.Veyret, Eds 2003; vol. M¨Druckunchen, Germany. 13,0-100.

21. McCann J, Dietrich F, Rafferty C, Martin AO. Martin A critical review of the genotoxic potential of electric and magnetic fields. Mutat Res 1993; 297: 61-95.

22. Suzuki Y, Ikehata M, Nakamura K, Nishioka M, Asanuma K, Koana T, et al. Induction of micronuclei in mice ex-posed to static magnetic fields,”. Mutagenesis 2001; 16: 499-501.

23. Fitzgerald PH, Brehaut LA. Depression of DNA synthesis and mitotic index by colchicine in cultured human lymphocytes. Exp Cell Res 1970; 59: 27-31.

24. Van’t Hof J. Control of cell progression through the mitotic cycle by carbohydrate provision. I. Regulation of cell division in excised plant tissue. J Cell Biol 1968; 37: 773-80.

25. Ghodbane S, Ammari M, Lahbib A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Static magnetic field exposure-induced oxidative response and caspase-independent apoptosis in rat liver: effect of selenium and vitamin E supplementations. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22: 16060-6.

26. Abdelmelek H, Molnar A, Servais S, Cottet-Emard JM, Pequignot JM, Favier R, et al. Skeletal muscle HSP72 and norepinephrine response to static magnetic field in rat. Journal of Neural Transmission 2006; 113: 821-7.

27. Amara S, Abdelmelek H, Salem MB, Rached Abidi R, Sakly M. Effects of static magnetic field exposure on hematological and biochemical parameters in rats. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 2006; 49: 889-95.