Türk GDO Karşıtı Hareketinde Çok Katmanlı Çerçeveleme

Yerel ve küresel bağlamlar arasında çerçeveleme üzerine yapılan çalışmalar çoğunlukla yerel aktörlerin evrenselleştirici iddialardan yararlanma yollarına odaklanırlar. GDO’ların üretildiği, ticaretinin yapıldığı ve düzenlendiği siyasi ve ekonomik süreçler, yerelden ulusala, bölgeselden küresele farklı ölçeklerin araştırılmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışma, Türk GDO karşıtı hareketin çok katmanlı çerçeveleme faaliyetlerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. 2004 yılı Ekim ayında GDO’ya Hayır Platformu, Friends of the Earth’ün Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’nün GDO’larla ilgili kararına karşı geliştirdiği Bite Back Bite Back kampanyasının devamı niteliğindeki Canavar Domates Turu’nu Türkiye’de düzenledi. Platform aktivistleri, stratejilerini GDO’ları Türkiye’nin siyasi ve ekonomik gerçekleriyle ilgili çevresel, tarımsal ve ekonomik konularla ilişkilendirerek ve tartışmanın küresel boyutlarıyla ilgili olarak daha geniş bir çerçevede yankı uyandıracak şekilde tanımladılar. 2007 ve 2009 yılları arasında 12 şehirde ulusal ve yerel GDO karşıtı aktivistlerle yapılan görüşmelere dayanan bu makale, çerçeveleme sürecinin temel görevlerinin (diagnostik, prognostik, motivasyonel) yerel, ulusal ve küresel ölçeklerle nasıl ve neden ilişkilendiğini araştırmaktadır. Türkiye’de GDO karşıtı hareket, sorunu ve sorumluluğu küresel düzeyde tanımlayarak diagnostik çerçeveler gerçekleştirilecek eylemleri ve planları ulusal düzeyde önererek, prognostik çerçeveler ve son olarak eylem gerekçelerini yerel düzeyde oluşturarak motivasyonel çerçeveler geliştirdi. Hareket, çevre ve sağlık sorunları, tarım sorunları ve tüketici haklarının geniş bir koalisyonunu temsil etti. Sorunları ve talepleri yerel, ulusal ve küresel olarak yorumlayarak GDO sorununu çok katmanlı bir şekilde çerçeveleyerek geniş bir siyasi alan arasında köprü kurdu. Aktivistler, GDO’ların ülke çapında yasaklanmasına yönelik farklı ölçekleri birbiriyle ilişkilendirerek tutarlı bir anlatı yaratmayı başardı.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Toplumsal Hareketler, Biyoteknoloji, Çerçeveleme, GDO'lar, Çevre Hareketleri

Multilayered framing in Turkish Anti-GM Movement

Studies on framing between local and global contexts mostly focus on the ways in which local actors draw upon universalizing claims. Political and economic processes within which the GMOs are produced, traded and regulated invite an exploration of different scales – from local to national, from regional to global. This study aims to analyze the multilayered framing activities of Turkish anti-GM mobilization. In October 2004, ‘No to GMOs Platform’ (GDO’ya Hayır Platformu) in Turkey organized the Monster Tomato Tour which was the continuation of Friends of the Earth’s Bite Back Campaign against the World Trade Organization ruling on GMOs. Platform activists defined their strategy by linking GMOs with environmental, agricultural, and economic issues that are relevant to Turkish political and economic realities and resonate with a larger frame in relation to global aspects of the controversy. Based on interviews with key national and local anti-GM activists in 12 cities conducted between 2007 and 2009, this paper probes how and why core tasks of framing process – diagnostic, prognostic, motivational – relate to local, national, and global scales. The Turkish anti-GM movement developed i) diagnostic frames, identifying a problem and attribute blame at global scale ii) prognostic frames, offering actions and plans at national scale iii) motivational frames being a rationale for action mainly at the local scale. The movement bridged a vast political space by framing the GM issue in a multilayered way by interpreting the grievances and claims locally, nationally, and globally. The movement represents a broad coalition of environmental and health concerns, agriculture issues and consumer rights. Activists were able to create a coherent narrative by connecting different scales towards a nation-wide ban on GMOs.

Keywords:

GMOs, Social Movements, Environmental Movements, Framings, Biotechnology,

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