Türkiye’de Bireylerin Sol-Sağ Ayrımına Göre Konumlanışı: Dünya Değerler Araştırması 1990-2018 Verilerinin İncelenmesi

Bu makale Dünya Değerler Araştırması kapsamında Türkiye’de yapılmış tüm anketlerin verilerine dayanarak, bireylerin kendilerini sol-sağ yelpazesinde konumlandırışını incelemektedir. Bulgularımıza göre Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde silikleşmesi beklenebilecek sol-sağ ayrımına dair sorular 1990-2018 döneminde katılımcılardan yüksek oranda yanıt bulmaya devam etmekte, genel ortalamada ise sağa kayış gözlenmektedir. Ortalamadaki kayış, soldakilerin azalmasından ziyade ortadan kopup sağa kayan bir kütle yüzünden gerçekleşmiştir. Bu durum işçilerin sağda, işveren ve yöneticilerin ise solda kaldığı bir tablo ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bununla birlikte bireylerin sol-sağ yelpazesindeki konumları, sınıfsal konuma ilişkin değişkenlerden ziyade, bireyin tutum ve değerleri ile daha kuvvetli ilişki içindedir. Bunlar arasında, özel mülkiyet ve eşitlikçiliğe dair ekonomik tutumlara kıyasla, sekülerizm ve özgürlükçülük gibi kültürel değerlerin ne kadar benimsendiği çok daha ağır basmaktadır. Bu değerlerde ortaklaşan bireyler; gelir, çalışma durumu ve ekonomik politika tercihlerinde var olabilecek farklara rağmen oy tercihi gibi siyasi eğilimlerinde benzer noktalarda buluşacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

sol-sağ ayrımı, siyasal davranış, sekülerizm, Türkiye siyaseti, Dünya Değerler Araştırması

Individual Self-Placement on the Left-Right Scale in Turkey: A Study of the World Values Survey 1990-2018 Data

This article studies the left-right self-placement of individuals, utilizing data from all surveys conducted in Turkey as part of the World Values Survey. According to the findings, questions relating to left-right division, rather than fading away in the post-Cold War period, have continued to generate high response rates and there has been a rightward shift in the average self-placement during 1990- 2018. The shift seems to have occurred not due to a diminishing left but because of a segment that moved from the middle to the right of the spectrum. The resulting constellation is one where workers place themselves on the right while employers and managers are on the left. That said, left-right self-placements are in a weaker relationship with class position than with values and attitudes. Among the latter, economic attitudes on welfare-state and private property are dwarfed in their relevance by secular and emancipative values in the cultural domain. Consequently, it is predicted that individuals that conjoin in such values will display similar political orientations regarding voting decisions and the like, despite any differences in income, occupation, and economic policy preferences.

Keywords:

Left-right Division, Political Behavior, Secularism, Turkish Politics, World Values Survey,

PDF

___

Ağtaş, Ö. (2007). Ortanın solu: İsmet İnönü’den Bülent Ecevit’e. M. Gültekingil (ed.) Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce 8: Sol içinde, İstanbul: İletişim.
Aytaç, S. E. 2020. Economic voting during the AKP era in Turkey. G. M. Tezcür (ed) The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics içinde. Doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/978.019.0064891.013.6
Arıkan, G., & Şekercioğlu, E. (2014). Türkiye’de muhafazakarlaşma: kuşak farkı var mı?. Alternative Politics/ Alternatif Politika, 6(1).
Arikan, G. (2013). Values, religiosity and support for redistribution and social policy in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 14(1), 34–52. Doi: 10.1080/14683.849.2013.766980
Caprara, G. V., & Vecchione, M. (2018). On the left and right ideological divide: Historical accounts and contemporary perspectives. Political Psychology, 39(S1), 49–83. Doi: 10.1111/pops.12476
Çarkoğlu, A. (2007). The nature of left–right ideological self-placement in the Turkish context. Turkish Studies, 8(2), 253–271. Doi: 10.1080/146.838.40701312245
Çarkoğlu, A. (1998). The Turkish party system in transition: party performance and agenda change. Political Studies, 46(3), 544-571. Doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.00154
Carkoglu, A., & Kalaycioglu, E. (2021). Fragile But Resilient?: Turkish Electoral Dynamics, 2002-2015. University of Michigan Press.
Çarkoğlu, A. & Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2009). The rising tide of conservatism in Turkey. Springer.
Ergüder, Ü. (2000). Türkiye’de değişen seçmen davranışları örüntüleri. Ersin Kalaycıoğlu ve Adil Sarıbay (ed.) Türkiye’de Politik Değişim ve Modernleşme (İstanbul: Alfa).
Esmer, Y. (2002). At the ballot box: Determinants of voting behavior. in S. Sayarı and Y. Esmer, eds., Politics, Parties and Elections in Turkey, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Evans, G. (2000). The continued significance of class voting. Annual Review of Political Science, 3(1), 401– 417. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.401
Franklin, M. N., Mackie, T. T., & Valen, H. (2009). Electoral change: Responses to evolving social and attitudinal structures in Western countries. ECPR Press.
Freire, A. (2015). Left–right ideology as a dimension of identification and of competition. Journal of Political Ideologies, 20(1), 43–68. Doi: 10.1080/13569.317.2015.991493
Glenn, N. (2003). Distinguishing age, period, and cohort Effects. J. Mortimer ve M. J. Shanahan (ed.) Handbook of the Life Course (Springer) içinde 465-76.
Huber, J. D. (1989). Values and partisanship in left‐right orientations: Measuring ideology. European Journal of Political Research, 17(5), 599-621. Doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1989.tb00209.x
Huber, J., & Inglehart, R. (1995). Expert interpretations of party space and party locations in 42 societies. Party Politics, 1(1), 73–111. Doi: 10.1177/135.406.8895001001004
Inglehart, R. (1971). The silent revolution in Europe: Intergenerational change in post-industrial societies. American political science review, 65(4), 991-1017. Doi: 10.2307/1953494
Inglehart, R. (1985). The changing structure of political cleavages in Western society. R. J. Danton ve S. E. Flanagan (ed.), Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies içinde, Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: The human development sequence. Cambridge University Press.
Jansen, G., Evans, G., & De Graaf, N. D. (2013). Class voting and left–right party positions: A comparative study of 15 western democracies, 1960–2005. Social Science Research, 42(2), 376–400. Doi: 10.1016/j. ssresearch.2012.09.007
Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2018). Two elections and a political regime in crisis: Turkish politics at the crossroads. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 18(1), 21-51. Doi: 10.1080/14683.857.2017.1379148
Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2012). Kulturkampf in Turkey: The constitutional referendum of 12 September 2010. South European Society and Politics, 17(1), 1-22. Doi: 10.1080/13608.746.2011.600555
Kitschelt, H., & Hellemans, S. (1990). The left-right semantics and the new politics cleavage. Comparative Political Studies, 23(2), 210-238. Doi: 10.1177/001.041.4090023002003
Knutsen, O. (1995). Value orientations, political conflicts and left‐right identification: A comparative study. European journal of political research, 28(1), 63-93. Doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1995.tb00487.x
Korpi, W. (1983). The Democratic Class Struggle. London, UK: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S., & Frey, T. (2008). West European politics in the age of globalization. Cambridge University Press.
Küçük, M. (2007). Türkiye’de sol düşünce ve Aleviler. M. Gültekingil (ed.) Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce 8: Sol içinde, İstanbul: İletişim.
Lesschaeve, C. (2017). The predictive power of the left-right self-placement scale for the policy positions of voters and parties. West European Politics, 40(2), 357-377. Doi: 10.1080/01402.382.2016.1229088
Lijphart, A. (1984). Democracies: Patterns of majoritarian & consensus government in twenty-one countries. Yale University Press.
Lipset, S. M., & Rokkan, S. (Eds.). (1967). Party systems and voter alignments: Cross-national perspectives (Vol. 7). Free press.
Malka, A., Lelkes, Y., & Soto, C. J. (2019). Are cultural and economic conservatism positively correlated? A large-scale cross-national test. British Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 1045–1069. Doi: 10.1017/ S000.712.3417000072.
Mardin, Ş. (1973). Center-periphery relations: A key to Turkish politics? Daedalus, 102 (1), 169–190. https:// www.jstor.org/stable/20024114
Meyer, T. M., & Wagner, M. (2020). Perceptions of parties’ left-right positions: The impact of salience strategies. Party Politics, 26(5), 664–674. Doi: 10.1177/135.406.8818806679
Özbudun, E. (2013). Party Politics & social cleavages in Turkey. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Özbudun, E., & Tachau, F. (1975). Social change and electoral behavior in Turkey: Toward a ‘critical realignment’? International Journal of Middle East Studies, 6(4), 460-480.
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2004). Sacred and secular: Religion and politics worldwide. Cambridge University Press. Sarıbay, S. A., & Yılmaz, O. (2018). Relationships between core ideological motives, social and economic conservatism, and religiosity. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 21(3), 205–211. Doi: 10.1111/ ajsp.12213
Vecchione, M., Caprara, G., Dentale, F., & Schwartz, S. H. (2013). Voting and values: Reciprocal effects over time. Political Psychology, 34(4), 465–485. Doi: 10.1111/pops.12011
Visser, M. (1994). Policy voting, projection, and persuasion: An application of balance theory to electoral behavior. Political Psychology, 15(4), 699–711. Doi: 3791628
Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom rising. Cambridge University Press.
Wuthrich, F. M. (2013). An essential center-periphery electoral cleavage and the Turkish party system. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 45(4), 751–773. Doi: 10.1017/S002.074.3813000895
Yalman, N. (1973). Some observations on secularism in Islam: the cultural revolution in Turkey. Daedalus, 139-168. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024113
Yagci, A. H., Harma, M., & Tekgüç, H. (2020). Who wants left-wing policies? Economic preferences and political cleavages in Turkey. Mediterranean Politics, 1-26. Doi: 10.1080/13629.395.2020.1851998
Zechmeister, E. (2006). What’s left and who’s right? A Q-method study of individual and contextual influences on the meaning of ideological labels. Political Behavior, 28(2), 151–173. Doi: 10.1007/ s11109.006.9006-5