FEMİNİST YAKLAŞIM ÇERÇEVESİNDE İNSAN GÜVENLİĞİ: SİVİL TOPLUM GÖZÜYLE IRAK ÖRNEĞİ
Bu çalışma küresel politikanın en tartışmalı alanlarından biri olan güvenlik çalışmaları içinde feminist teorilerin artan önemini bir örnek olay üzerinden irdelemeye çalışacaktır. Özellikle liberal ve eleştirel yaklaşımlar içinde farklı analiz boyutlarıyla çalışılan insan güvenliği tanımına, feministlerin nasıl cevap verdiği son derece güncel bir konudur. Kadınlar Irak gibi çatışma bölgelerinde sadece güvensizliğin mağduru değil, aynı zamanda insan güvenliğinin özgürleştirici değerini öne çıkaran, devlet merkezli eril güvenlik inşasıyla mücadele eden, güvenliği ve barışı talep eden ve üreten başat aktördür. Bu çalışma teorik olarak insan güvenliğinin feminist güvenlik çalışmaları üzerinden nasıl değerlendirildiğini irdeleyerek çatışma sonrası toplumlarda kadın güvensizliğinin hangi alanlarda gerçekleştiğini araştıracaktır. Çalışmamız Irak’ta 2012’de gerçekleşen saha çalışmasını kapsamaktadır. Bağdat ve Erbil’de sivil toplum örgütleri ve uzmanlarıyla yapılan görüşmeler değerlendirilecektir. Ek olarak, 2014’den sonraki İslam Devleti şiddeti üzerine olan gölge ve Irak Kadın Ağı raporları bize, STK’ların insan güvenliği çerçevesinde Irak’ta nasıl denetim mekanizmalarını oluşturduğunu gösterecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
Feminist güvenlik, insan güvenliği, sivil toplum örgütleri, Irak
HUMAN SECURITY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE FEMINIST APPROACH: THE CASE OF IRAQ FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CIVIL SOCIETY
This study aims to highlight the importance of feminist theories in the security studies by a case study. The contribution of human security debate in the perspective of gender and feminist security studies are substantial in current agenda especially liberal and critical approaches previously focused on this matter in different aspects. In the post-conflict areas like Iraq, women are not only the victims of insecurity but also the actors for outlining the emancipatory value of the human security. They are the actors that fight with state-centric, masculinely constructed security; they are demanding and producing it. This study will analyze theoretically how feminist security studies are evaluating human security; by that, it will seek on which fields women's insecurities occurs. Our work is comprising the field study that has been conducted in 2012, Iraq. We will examine the Interviews with NGO's and civil society experts in Baghdad and Erbil. Additionally, shadow reports and Iraqi Women Network’s reports on contemporary ISIL violence after 2014, will show us the monitoring mechanisms of the NGO’s in human security aspect.
Keywords:
Feminist security, human security, non-governmental organizations, Iraq,
___
- Al-Ali, N. S. (2007). Iraqi women - Untold stories from 1948 to the present (Kindle Edition ed.). New York: Zed Books.
- Amal Kbashi, B. A. K., Manal Putros, Hanaa Edwar, Hanaa Hammoud. (2014). 30 October 2014 Civil Society Monitoring Country Report -Country: Iraq.
- Aytaç, G. B. (2015). Üçüncü dünya güvenliği ve insani müdahale -İnsan güvenliğinden Irak müdahalesine eleştirel güvenlik yaklaşımları. Istanbul: Dezanj.
- Aytaç, G. B. (2017). Human security concepts for Ngo’s in post intervention societies - A case study in Iraq.The Journal of International Social Research, 10 (50), 167-173.
- Booth, K. (1991). Security and emancipation. Review of International Studies, 17(4), 313-326.
- Booth, K. ve Wheeler, N. J. (2008). The security dilemma - Fear cooperation and trust in world politics. London: Palgrave.
- Carpenter, C. (2016). Recognizing gender-based violence against civilian men and boys in conflict situations. Security Dialogue, 37(1), 83-103. doi:10.1177/0967010606064139
- CEDAW, I. N. s. C. o. (2014). Iraqi women in armed conflict & post conflict situation.Shadow Report submitted to the CEDAW Committee at the 57th Session, 37-41.
- Cohn, C. (2004). Mainstreaming gender in UN security policy - a path to political transformation.Consortium on Gender, Security and Human Rights Working Paper, No. 204.
- Cohn, C. (2013). Women and Wars: Toward a conceptual framework. C. Cohn (Ed.).Women And Wars. (Kindle Edtion ed.): Polity Press.
- Cohn, C., Kinsella, H. ve Gibbings, S. (2004). Women, peace and security resolution 1325. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 6(1), 130-140. doi:10.1080/1461674032000165969
- Enloe, C. (2000). Maneuvers: The international politics of militarizing women's lives. Berkeley: University of California.
- Enloe, C. (2003). Muzlar, plajlar ve askeri üsler, feminist bakış açısından uluslararası siyaset. E. A. Berna Kurt (çev.). Çitlembik Yayınevi.
- Hudson, H. (2005). 'Doing' security as though humans matter: A feminist perspective on gender and the politics of human security. Security Dialogue, 36(2), 155-174. doi:10.1177/0967010605054642
- IWN. (2014). Iraqi Women Network call for UN, situation of Women in Iraq, Human Rights Council Twenty Second special session.
- Kaldor, M. (2007). New and old wars - Organized violence in global era (2nd ed.). Polity Press.
- Kay, S. M. (2004). Women, human security, and peace-building: A feminist analysis. IPSHU English Research Report Series No.19, Conflict and Human Security: A Search for New Approaches of Peace-building(19).
- Millett, K. (2011). Cinsel politika. S. Selvi (çev.). İstanbul: Payel Yayınları.
- Newman, E. (2010). Critical human security studies. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 77-94. doi:10.1017/s0260210509990519
- NAP- National Action Plan for Implementation of the United Nation Security Council Resolution 1325 Women, Peace and Security 2014 - 2018, (2014-2018).
- Roe, P. (2013). Gender and 'positive' security. International Relations, 28(1), 116-138. doi:10.1177/0047117813502503
- Shepherd, L. J. (2008). Power and authority in the production of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. International Studies Quarterly, 52, 383–404.
- Shepherd, L. J. (2009). Gender, violence and global politics: Contemporary debates in feminist security studies.Political Studies Review, 7, 208–219.
- Sylvester, C. (2004). Feminist international relations - An unfinished journey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Thomas, C. (2000). Global governance, development and human security. London: Pluto.
- Tickner, J. A. (1988). Hans Morgenthau's principles of political realism: A feminist reformulation.Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 17(3), 429-440. doi: 10.1177/03058298880170030801
- Tickner, J. A. (2004). Feminist responses to international security studies. Peace Review, 16(1), 43-48. doi:10.1080/1040265042000210148
- Tickner, J. A. (2011). Gendering world politics-Issues and approaches in the Post Cold War Era. New York: Colombia University Press.
- Tripp, C. (2007). A history of Iraq (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- UN (2000). Security Council resolution 1325.
- Tür, Ö. ve Akkoyuncu, Ç. (2010). Feminist uluslararası ilişkiler yaklaşımı: Temelleri, gelişimi, katkı ve sorunları. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 7(26), 3-24.
- Human Development Report (1994). Retrieved from:http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/library/national-hdrs/nhdr-1994.html
- Walby, S. (2014). Patriyarka kuramı.H. Osmanağaoğlu (çev.). Ankara: Dipnot Yayınevi.
- Assad, R. K. (2012, 3 November). Norwegian People’s Aid-Media program manager, Baghdad, Iraq, Transcription from voice records.
- Hasan, D. (2012, 4 November). Iraqi Social and Education Team, Baghdad, Iraq, Transcription from voice records.
- Obeydi, B. (2012, 4 November). Member of the Human Right Commission in Iraqi Parliament, Baghdad, Iraq, Transcription from voice records.
- Edwar, H. (2012, 5 November). Iraq-i Al Amal Association, Baghdad, Iraq, Transcription from voice records.
- Meali, I. (2012, 5 November). Iraqi Womens League -Coordinator, Baghdad, Iraq, Transcription from voice records.
- Jabou, S. (2012, 6 November). Widow Center, Baghdad, Iraq, Transcription from voice records.
- Ali, A. (2012, 8 November). Iraq-i Al Amal Association, Erbil, Iraq, Transcription from voice records.
- Pistiwan, J. ve Abbas, S. (2012, 8 November). Women Empowerment, Erbil, Iraq, Transcription from voice records.
- Tickner, J. A. (2002). Feminist perspectives on 9/11. International Studies Perspective, 3, 333-350.
- Başlangıç: 2017
- Yayıncı: Marmara Üniversitesi