Silahlı Çatışmalarda Kültürel Varlıkların Korunması Hukuki Rejiminde Bir İstisna Olarak "Askeri Gereklilik": Antlaşmalarla Getirilen Düzenlemeler

Silahlı çatışmalarda kültürel varlıkların yok edilmesini meşru gösteren bir araç olarak askeri gereklilik istisnası ileri sürülmektedir. 1863 tarihli Cephedeki Birleşik Devletler Hükümet Orduları için Talimatlar, 1899 - 1907 tarihli Lahey Düzenlemeleri, 1935 tarihli Sanatsal ve Bilimsel Kurumların ve Tarihi Anıtların Korunmasına Dair Sözleşme, 1949 tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve 1977 tarihli I No.lu Ek Protokolü, 1954 tarihli Silahlı Çatışmalarda Kültürel Varlıkların Korunması Sözleşmesi ve Silahlı Çatışmalarda Kültürel Varlıkların Korunmasına İlişkin 1954 tarihli Lahey Sözleşmesi’nin İkinci Protokolü’nde kültürel varlıkların korunmasına yönelik dolaylı ya da doğrudan hükümlere yer verilmektedir. Devletlerin ısrarları nedeniyle uluslararası hukukun bir ilkesi olan askeri gereklilik istisnasına sözleşmelerde yer verilmesinin önüne geçilememektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle silahlı çatışmalardan kültürel varlıkların ne şekilde etkilendiği ele alınmaktadır. Ardından askeri gereklilik doktrininin ne olduğu ve ne şekilde ortaya çıktığından bahsedilmektedir. Uluslararası hukukta kültürel varlıkların korunmasına ilişkin başlıca düzenlemelere değinilerek askeri gereklilik ilkesinin bu düzenlemeler doğrultusunda Devletler tarafından ne şekilde yorumlanabileceği incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.ABSTRACT The principle of military necessity, which is a well'established principle of international humanitarian law, has been long defended as a justification of the destruction of cultural property in the times of armed conflict. Although, several provisions that provide protection of cultural property can be found in Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field 1863, Hague Conventions of 1899-1907, Geneva Conventions 1949 and Additional Protocol I 1977, Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1954 and Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999 , States still insist to champion the principle of military necessity at the expense of the protection of cultural property. In this article, first, the impact of armed conflicts on cultural properties is taken into consideration. Second, the article provides an analysis of the doctrine of military necessity and its historical background in relation to the protection of cultural property. Finally, the primary instruments that relate to the protection of cultural property are evaluated. Thus, it is clarified in the article how States should interpret the doctrine of military necessity without hindering the cultural property protection.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Silahlı çatışmalar, kültürel varlık, askeri gereklilik

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