Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan SALLEH, Nur Zawani Abdul RAZAK, Farediah AHMAD

Phytochemicals and biological activities of Macaranga hosei and Macaranga constricta (Euphorbiaceae

Phytochemicals and biological activities of the leaves of Macaranga hosei and Macaranga constricta have been studied. Fractionation and purification of the extracts of M. hosei afforded two triterpenoids, lupenone (1) and β-sitostenone (2) and two flavonoids, 5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone (3) and 5-hydroxy-6,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone (4). Three triterpenoids characterized as taraxerone (5), taraxerol (6) and β-amyrin (7) were isolated from M. constricta. The structures of these compounds were established by analysis of their spectroscopic data, as compared to that of reported compounds. Biological activities which include antibacterial, α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant were also carried out. The antibacterial activities have demonstrated that all extracts and isolated compounds exhibited weak inhibition against the tested bacterial strains with MIC value exceeded 500 μg/mL. Evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibition activity using ρ-nitrophenyl-ρ-D-glucopyranosidase on extracts exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. The most potent α-glucosidase activity was exhibited by the petroleum ether extract of M. hosei with inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) of 25.3 ppm compared with quercetin (4.5 ppm) and acarbose (12.6 ppm). The antioxidant activity was conducted through DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content. All the extracts displayed positive results and the methanol extract of M. hosei displayed the highest scavenging activity with scavenging concentration at 50% (SC50) value of 25.8 ppm. The methanol extract of M. hosei also gave the highest total phenol content with 347.7 mg GAE/g.

PDF

___

Salleh WMNHW, Ahmad F, Khong HY. Chemical compositions and biological activities of the essential oils of Beilschmiedia madang Blume (Lauraceae). Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38: 485-93.

Mediani LSY, Ashikin NAH, Azliana ABS, Abas F. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the leaf and stem of selected traditional medicinal plants. Int Food Res J 2014; 21: 165-72.

Kassim NK, Rahmani M, Ismail A, Sukari MA, Gwendoline CLE, Nasir NM, Awang K. Antioxidant activity-guided separation of coumarins and lignan from Melicope glabra (Rutaceae). Food Chem 2013; 139: 87-92.

Taleb-Contini SH, Salvador MJ, Watanabe E, Ito IY. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids and steroids Isolated from two Chromolaena species. Braz J Pharm Sci 2003; 39: 403-8.

Djoukeng JD, Abou-mansour E, Tabacchi R, Tapondjou AL, Bouda H, Lontsi D. Antibacterial triterpenes from Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 101: 283-6.

Lee SY, Mediani A, Ashikin N, Azliana ABS, Abas F. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the leaf and stem of selected traditional medicinal plants. Int Food Res J 2014; 21: 165-72.

Andrew O, Yusuf S, Jangabe LM, Lawal BS, Aliyu AA. α-Glucosidase inhibitory potential of selected anti-diabetic plants used in North-Western Nigeria. J Med Pl Res 2013; 7: 2010-8.

Zhang Y, Shen Y, Zhu Y, Xu Z. Assessment of the correlations between reducing power, scavenging DPPH activity and antilipidoxidation capability of phenolic antioxidants. LWT Food Sci Technol 2015; 63: 569-74.

Kawakami S, Harinantenaina L, Matsunami K, Otsuka H, Shinzato T, Takeda Y. Macaflavanones A-G, prenylated flavanones from the leaves of Macaranga tanarius. J Nat Prod 2008; 71: 1872-6.

Sutthivaiyakit S, Unganont S, Sutthivaiyakit P, Suksamrarn A. Diterpenylated and prenylated flavonoids from Macaranga denticulata. Tetrahedron 2002; 58: 3619-22.

Hnawia E, Thoison O, Guéritte-Voegelein F, Bourret D, Sévenet T. A geranyl substituted flavonol from Macaranga vedeliana. Phytochemistry 1990; 29: 2367-8.

Sultana S, Ilyas M. Chromenoflavones from Macaranga indica. Phytochemistry 1986; 25: 953-4.

Zakaria I, Ahmat N, Jaafar FM, Widyawaruyanti A. Flavonoids with antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of Macaranga triloba. Fitoterapia 2012; 83: 968-72.

Phommart S, Sutthivaiyakit P, Chimnoi N, Ruchirawat S, Sutthivaiyakit S. Constituents of the leaves of Macaranga tanarius. J Nat Prod 2005; 68: 927-30.

Ogwuche CE, Amupitan JO, Ndukwel G, Ayo RG. Isolation and biological activity of the triterpene β-amyrin from the aerial plant parts of Maesobotrya barteri (Baill). Med Chem 2014; 4: 729-33.

Tareq FS, Sohrab H, Uddin AMS, Afroz F, Hasan CM. Phytochemical studies on the leaves of Xylia dolabriformis. J Pharm Sci 2009; 52: 171-2.

Koay YC, Wong KC, Osman H, Eldeen I, Asmawi MZ. Chemical constituents and biological activities of Strobilanthes crispus L. Rec Nat Prod 2013; 7: 59-64.

Ayatollahi SA, Shojaii A, Kobarfard F, Mohammadzadeh M, Choudhary MI. Two flavones from Salvia leriaefolia. Iranian J Pharm Res 2009; 8:179-84.

Eswaraiah MC, Elumalai A. Isolation of phytoconstituents from the stems of Mussaenda erythrophylla. Pelagia Res Lib 2011; 2: 132-42.

Prachayasittikul S, Suphapong S, Worachartcheewan A, Lawung R, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V. Bioactive metabolites from Spilanthes acmella Murr. Molecules 2009; 14: 850-67.

Venkata C, Prakash S, Prakash I. Isolation and structural characterization of lupane triterpenes from Polypodium Vulgare. Res J Pharm Sci 2012; 1: 23-7.

Marliana E, Tjahjandarie TS, Tanjung M. Isoprenylated flavanone derivatives from Macaranga hosei King ex Hook.F. Der Pharm Lett 2015; 7: 153-6.

Davies SJ. Systematics of Macaranga sect. Pachystemon and Pruinosae (Euphorbiaceae). Harvard Papers Bot 2001; 6: 371448.

Whitmore TC, Airy Shaw HK. Studies in Macaranga: IV: New and notable records for Malaya. Royal Bot Gards 1971; 25: 237-42.

Isely D. Investigations in seed classification by family characteristics. Res Bull 1947; 350-2.

Baker JA. Notes on the biology of Macaranga species. Gardens Bull 1934; 8: 63-74.

Heil M, Fiala B, Kaiser W, Linsenmair KE. Chemical contents of Macaranga food bodies: Adaptations to their role in ant attraction and nutrition. Funct Ecol 1998; 12: 117-22.

Davies SJ, Palmiotto PA, Ashton PS, Lee HS, Lafrankie JV. Comparative ecology of 11 sympatric species of Macaranga in Borneo: Tree Distribution in relation to horizontal and vertical resource heterogeneity. J Ecol 1998; 86: 662-73.

Lim TY, Lim YY, Yule CM. Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-tyrosinase activities of Four Macaranga species. Food Chem 2009; 114: 594-9.

Ju A, Feldhaar H, Feldmeyer B, Fiala B. Chemical composition of leaf volatiles in Macaranga species (Euphorbiaceae) and their potential role as olfactory cues in host-localization of foundress queens of specific ant partners. Biochem Syst Ecol 2006; 34: 97-113.