Mast hücrelerinin enflamasyondaki rolü: İnsan ve deneysel hayvan modelleri üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların değerlendirilmesi

Kemik iliğinden köken alan mast hücreleri sadece allerjik ve immunolojik reaksiyonlarda değil enflamasyon olaylarında da rol alan hücrelerdir. Bundan dolayı mast hücreleri sadece IgE’ye bağlı aktivasyonunun yanı sıra nörotransmiterler, ve sitokinlerle de aktive olarak granül içeriklerini ya da yeni sentezledikleri medyatörleri hücre dışına vererek enflamasyon reaksiyonlarında da rol alırlar. İnterstisiyel sistit, iltihabi barsak hastalığı ve atopik dermatit gibi bazı nöroenflamatuar hastalıklarda mast hücrelerinin alerjik reaksiyon olmadan aktive olduğu ve bu hastalıkların etiyolojisinde rol aldıkları düşünülmektedir. Bu derleme yazısında mesane, deri ve gastrointestinal sistemde insan ve deneysel hayvan modellerindeki enflamasyon reaksiyonlarında mast hücrelerinin rolü değerlendirilmiştir.

Role of mast cells in inflammation: Review of studies on human and experimental animal models

Mast cells derived from bone marrow have a pivotal role not only in allergic and immunologic reactions but also in inflammatory reactions. Hence, the mast cells besides the activation of IgE, are activated with neurotransmitters and cytokins. As a result of these reactions, the mast cells are activated and release the present granule contents or newly (de novo) synthesized mediators to extracellular environment, participating in the inflammatory reactions. Hence, in the pathogenesis of diseases such as interstitial cystitis, inflammatory bowel disease and atopic dermatitis where an allergic basis is not assumed, it was shown that mast cells are activated and play a role in the inflammation process. In this review, the leading role of mast cells in the urinary bladder, skin, and gastrointestinal system, is discussed and evaluated in human and animal models.

PDF

___

1) Okayama Y, Kawakami T. Development, migration, and survival of mast cells. Immunol Res 2006; 34(2):97-115.
2) Da Silva CA, Reber L, Frossard N. Stem cell factor expression, mast cells and inflammation in asthma. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2006; 20(1):21-39.
3) Kobayashi H, Ishizuka T, Okayana Y. Human mast cells and basophils as sources of cytokines. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30(9):1205-1212.
4) Galli SJ, Wedemeyer J, Tsai M. Analyzing the roles of mast cells and basophils in host defense and other biological responses. Int J Hematol 2002; 75(4): 363–369.
5) Theoharides TC, Cochrane DE. Critical role of mast cells in inflammatory diseases and the effect of acute stress. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 146(1-2):1-12.
6) Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF. Basophils and mast cells: morphologic insights into their biology, secretory patterns, and function. Prog Allergy 1984; 34:1-141.
7) Artico M, Iannetti G, Leali FMT, Malinovsky L, Cavallotti C. Nerve fibers-mast cells correlation in the rat parietal pleura. Respir Physiol 1998; 113(2):181–188.
8) Bienenstock J. Relationships between mast cells and the nervous system. Rev Fr Allergol Immunol Clin 2002; 42(5):11-5.
9) Suzuki A, Suzuki R, Furuno T, Teshima R, Nakanishi M. N-Cadherin plays a role in the synapse-like structures between mast cells and neurites. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27(12):1891-1894.
10) Shao-Heng He. Key role of mast cells and their major secretory products in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(3):309-318.
11) Enerback L. Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. I. Effects of fixation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1966; 66(3):289-302.
12) Enerback L. Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. 2. Dye-binding and metachromatic properties. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1966; 66(3):303-312.
13) Enerback L. Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. 3. Reactivity towards compound 48/80. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1966; 66(3):313-322.
14) Enerback L. Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. 4. Monoamine storing capacity. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1966; 67(3):365-379.
15) Gurish MF, Boyce JA. Mast cells: Ontogeny, homing, and recruitment of a unique innate effector cell. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117(6):1285-1291.
16) Irani AA, Schwartz LB. Neutral protease as indicators of human mast cell heterogeneity. In: Schwartz LB, ed. Neutral proteases of mast cells. Basel Karger: Monogr Allergy 1990; 146-162.
17) Lagunoff D, Rickard A. Evidence for control of mast cell granule protease in situ by low pH. Exp Cell Res 1983; 144(2):353-360.
18) Robinson C, Benyon C, Holgate ST, Church MK. The IgE-and calcium-dependent release of eicosanoids and histamine from human purified cutaneous mast cells. JID 1989; 93(3):397-404.
19) Bradding P, Walls AF, Church MK. Role of mast cells and basophils in inflammatory responses. In: Holgate ST, ed. Immunopharmacology of the respiratory system. Harcourt Brace Company, Publishers: Academic press 1995:53-84.
20) Holgate ST. The role of mast cells and basophils in inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30(Suppl.1):28-32.
21) Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Sant GR. Mast cell involvement in interstitial cystitis: a review of human and experimental evidence. Urology 2001; 57(6 Suppl. 1):47-55.
22) Curhan GC, Speizer FE, Hunter DJ, Curhan SG, Stampfer MJ. Epidemiology of interstitial cystitis: a population based study. J Urol 1999; 161(2):549-552.
23) Koziol JA, Clark DC, Gittes RF, Tan EM. The natural history of interstitial cystitis: a survey of 374 patients. J Urol 1993; 149(3):465-469.
24) Johansson S, Fall M. Clinical features and spectrum of light microscopic changes in interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1990; 143(6):1118-1124.
25) Parsons CL, Lilly JD, Stein P. Epithelial dysfunction in nonbacterial cystitis (interstitial cystitis). J Urol 1991; 145(4):732-735.
26) Theoharides TC, Sant GR, El-Mansoury M, Letourneau RJ, Ucci JAA, Meares JEM. Activation of bladder mast cells in interstitial cystitis: a light and electron microscopic study. J Urol 1995; 153(3 Pt 1):629-636.
27) Christmas TJ, Rode J, Chapple CR, Milroy EJ, Turner-Warwick RT. Nerve fibre proliferation in interstitial cystitis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1990; 416(5):447-451.
28) Pang X, Marchand J, Sant GR, Kream RM, Theoharides TC. Increased number of substance P positive nerve fibers in interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 1995; 75(6): 744-750.
29) Marchand JE, Sant GR, Kream RM. Increased expression of substance P receptor-encoding mRNA in bladder biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 1998; 81(2):224-228.
30) Alexacos N, Pang X, Boucher W, Cochrane DE, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. Neurotensin mediates rat bladder mast cell degranulation triggered by acute psychological stress. Urology 1999; 53(5):1035-1040.
31) Ercan F, Şan T, Çavdar S. The effects of cold-restraint stress on urinary bladder wall: comparing with interstitial cystitis morphology. Urol Res 1999; 27(6): 454-462.
32) Demir A, Onol FF, Ercan F, Tarcan T. Effect of cold-induced stress on rat bladder tissue contractility and histomorphology. Neurourol Urodyn 2007; 26(2): 296-301.
33) Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, Erin N, et al. The volume of nerve fibers in the stress-induced urinary bladder of adult rats following capsaicin treatment. Urol Int 2003; 71(4):393-398.
34) Cetinel S, Ercan F, Cikler E, Contuk G, Sener G. Protective effect of melatonin on water avoidance stress induced degeneration of the bladder. J Urol 2005; 173(1):267-70.
35) Ercan F, Erin N, Oktay Ş. Role of afferent neurons in stress induced degenerative changes of the urinary bladder. J Urol 2001; 165(1):235-239.
36) Ercan F, Akici A, Ersoy Y, Hurdag C, Erin N. Inhibition of substance P activity prevents stress-induced bladder damage. Regul Pept 2006; 133(1-3):82-89.
37) Pothoulakis C, Castagliulo I, LaMont JT. Nerves and intestinal mast cells modulate responses to enterotoxins. News Physiol Sci 1998; 13:58-63.
38) Dvorak AM, McLeod RS, Onderdonk AB, et al.. Human gut mucosal mast cells: ultrastructural observations and anatomic variation in mast cell-nerve associations in vivo. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1992; 98(2):158-168.
39) Williams RM, Bienenstock J, Stead RH. Mast cells: the neuroimmune connection. Chem Immunol 1995; 61:208-235.
40) Berin MC, Kiliaan AJ, Yang PC, Groot JA, Kitamura Y, Perdue M. The influence of mast cells on pathways of transepithelial antigen transport in the rat intestine. JI 1998; 161(5):2561–2566.
41) Perdue MH, Masson S, Wershil BK, Galli SJ. Role of mast cells in ion transport abnormalities associated with intestinal anaphylaxis. Correction of the diminished secretory response in genetically mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice by bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Invest 1991; 87(2):687-693.
42) Santos J, Saunders PR, Yang PC, Yates D,Groot JA, Perdue MH. Corticotropin releasing hormone mimics stress-induced colonic epithelial pathophysiology in the rat. Am J Physiol 1999; 277(2 Pt 1):391-399.
43) Wershil B, Castagliuolo I, Pothoulakis C. Direct evidence of mast cell involvement in Clostridium diYcile toxin a induced enteritis in mice. Gastroenterology 1998; 114(5):956-964.
44) Jahovic N, Öğünç AV, Güzel E, Ars D, Ercan F, Erkanlı G, Yeğen BÇ, Yalçın AS. Whey pretreatment ameliorates gastric and hepatic oxidative damage in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer via a neutrophil-dependent mechanism. Marmara Med J 2005; 18(2):64-70.
45) Suzuki R, Furuno T, McKay DM, et al. Direct neurite-mast cell communication in vitro occurs via the neuropeptide substance P. JI. 1999; 163(5):2410-2415.
46) Van der Kleij HP, Ma D, Redegeld FA, Kraneveld AD, Nijkamp FP, Bienenstock J. Functional expression of neurokinin 1 receptors on mast cells induced by IL-4 and stem cell factor. JI 2003; 171(4):2074-2079.
47) Castagliuolo I, Wang CC, Valenich L, Pasha A, Nikulassin S, Carraway RE. Neurotensin is a proinflammatory neuropeptide in colonic inflammation. J Clin Invest 1999; 103(6):843-849.
48) Frieling T, Cooke HJ, Wood JD. Neuroimmune communication in the submucous plexus of guinea pig colon after sensitization to milk antigen. Am J Physiol Gasterointest Liver Physiol 1994; 267(6 Pt 1):1087-1093.
49) O’Sullivan M, Clayton N, Breslin NP, et al. Increased mast cells in the irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2000; 12(5):449–457.
50) Farthing MJG. Irritable bowel, irritable body, or irritable brain? BMJ 1995; 310(6973):171-175.
51) Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, Contuk G, Çikler E, Şener G. Role of melatonin in reducing water avoidance stress-induced degeneration of the gastrointestinal mucosa. J Pineal Res 2004; 37(2):113-121.
52) Santos J, Yang PC, Söderholm JD, Benjamin M, Perdue MH. Role of mast cells in chronic stress induced colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in the rat. Gut 2001; 48(5):630-636.
53) Soderholm JD, Yang PC, Ceponis P, Vohra A, Riddell R, Sherman PM, Perdue MH. Chronic stress induces mast cell-dependent bacterial adherence and initiates mucosal inflammation in rat intestine. Gastroenterology 2002; 123(4):1099-1108.
54) Castagliuolo I, LaMont JT, Qiu B, et al. Acute stress causes mucin release from rat colon: role of corticotropin releasing factor and mast cells. Am J Physiol 1996; 271(5 Pt 1):884-892.
55) Shao-Heng He. Key role of mast cells and their major secretory products in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(3):309-318.
56) Pang X, Boucher W, Triadafilopoulos G, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. Mast cell and substance P-positive nerve involvement in a patient with both irritable bowel syndrome and interstitial cystitis. Urology 1996; 47(3):436- 438.
57) Wiesner-Menzel L, Schulz B, Vakilzadeh F, Czarnetzki BM. Electron microscopical evidence for a direct contact between nerve fibers and mast cells. Acta Derm Venereol 1981; 61(6):465-469.
58) Carraway R, Cochrane DE, Lansman JB, Leeman SE, Paterson BM, Welch HJ. Neurotensin stimulates exocytotic histamine secretion from rat mast cells and elevates plasma histamine levels. J Physiol 1982; 323:403-414.
59) Fewtrell CMS, Foreman JC, Jordan CC, Oehme P, Renner H, Stewart M. The effects of substance P on histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the rat. J Physiol 1982; 330:393-411.
60) Katsarou-Katsari A, Filippou A, Theoharides TC. Effect of stress and other psychological factors on the pathophysiology and treatment of dermatoses. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 1999; 12(1):7-11.
61) Graham DT, Wolf S. The relation of eczema to attitude and to vascular reactions of the human skin. J Lab Clin Med 1953; 42(2):238-254.
62) Chiu A, Chon SY, Kimball AB. The response of skin disease to stress: changes in the severity of acne vulgaris as affected by examination stress. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139(7):897-900.
63) Slominski A, Wortsman J, Pisarchik A, et al. Cutaneous expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, and CRH receptors. FASEB J. 2001; 15(10):1678-1693.
64) Katsarou-Katsari A, Singh LK, Theoharides TC. Alopecia areata and affected skin CRH receptor upregulation induced by acute emotional stress. Dermatology. 2001; 203(2):157-161.
65) Slominski A, Wortsman J. Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocr Rev. 2000; 21(5):457-487.
66) Singh LK, Boucher W, Pang X, et al. Potent mast cell degranulation and vascular permeability triggered by urocortin through activation of CRH receptors. JPET 1999; 288(3):1349-1356.
67) Singh LK, Pang X, Alexacos N, Letourneau R, Theoharides TC. Acute immobilization stress triggers skin mast cell degranulation via corticotropin releasing hormone, neurotensin and substance P: a link to neurogenic skin disorders. Brain Behav Immun 1999; 13(3):225-239.
68) Erin N, Ersoy Y, Ercan F, Akıcı A, Oktay Ş. Nk-1 antagonist cp99994 prevents stress-induced mast cell degranulation in the dermis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004; 29(6):644-648.
69) Çikler E, Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, Contuk G, Şener G. The protective effects of melatonin against water avoidance stress-induced mast cell degranulation in dermis. Acta Histochemica 2005; 106(6): 467-475.
70) Cikler E, Sağlam B, Zeybek A, Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, Şener G. The protective effects of aqueous garlic extract against water avoidance stress-induced mast cell degranulation in dermis. Marmara Med J 2005;18(3):103-108.
71) Buske-Kirschbaum A, Hellhammer DH. Endocrine and immune responses to stress in chronic inflammatory skin disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 992:231-240.