Saime BATIREL, Nihal BÜYÜKUSLU, Nural BEKİROĞLU, Muazzez GARİPAĞAOĞLU

Anne tarafından alınan n-3 yağ asitlerinin kordon kanı lipid profiline ve leptin konsantrasyonuna etkisi

Amaç: Anne tarafından, n-3 uzun zincirli çoklu doymamış yağ asit (UZ-ÇDYA)’larının alımı, fetal gelişim ve hamilelik sonuçları üzerine pozitif etkilidir. Leptin, UZ-ÇDYA’larının plasentadan geçişinde önemli bir rol alır. Bu çalışmada, anne tarafından alınan UZ-ÇDYA’larının, anne ve yenidoğanın antropometrik ölçümlerine, kordon kanındaki yağ asitlerine ve leptin düzeylerine olan etkilerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 31 hamile kadın dahil edildi. Bunların 18’i kontrol grubuna alınırken 13’ü hamileliklerinin son trimesteri boyunca, n-3 UZ-ÇDYA içeren bir ilaç aldı (ilaçlı grup). Katılımcıların fizik muayeneleri yapıldı ve bir anket yardımıyla ek veriler elde edildi. Kordon kanındaki yağ asitleri ve leptin konsantrasyonları, sırasıyla gaz kromatograf kütle spektrometri (GC-MS) ve enzim bağlantılı immunosorbent test (ELISA) kiti kullanılarak analiz edildi. Bulgular: Toplam n-3 UZ-ÇDYA’ların miktarı ilaç kullanımıyla anlamlı olarak arttı. İlaçlı grupta n-6/n-3 UZ-ÇDYA’larnın oranı ve leptin düzeyleri daha düşüktü (P=0,052, P=0,140 sırasıyla). Kontrol grubunda, leptin düzeyleri ile yeni doğanların doğum kilosu, boyu ve baş çevresi arasında pozitif ilişki vardı. İlaç kullanımı, leptin konsantrasyonlarını, n-6/n-3 UZ-ÇDYA oranları ile pozitif ilişkili hale getirdi. Sonuç: Günlük n-3 UZ-ÇDYA’larının alımı, anne ve yeni doğan sağlığının iyileşmesinde etkili olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Leptin, Yağ asitleri, Kordon kanı, Yenidoğan, Hamilelik

Effects of maternal intake of n-3 fatty acids on lipid profile and leptin concentration in cord blood

Objectives: Maternal intake of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) has positive effects on fetal development and pregnancy outcomes. Leptin plays an important role in placental transportation of LC-PUFAs. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal n-3 LC-PUFAs intake on anthropometric parameters of mother and newborn, the levels of fatty acids (FAs) and leptin in cord blood. Material and Methods: Thirty-one pregnant women were included. Eighteen were assigned to the control group and 13 received a supplement containing n-3 LC-PUFAs during last trimester of gestation (supplemented group). Physical examinations of the participants were performed and additional data were collected with a questionnaire. FAs and leptin concentrations in cord blood samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit respectively. Results: A total amount of n-3 PUFAs significantly increased after treatment. n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratios and leptin levels were lower in the supplemented group (P=0.052, P=0.140 respectively). There were positive correlations between leptin levels and the z scores for birth weight, height and head circumference of the newborns in the control group. The supplementation affected leptin concentration to be positively correlated with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios. Conclusion: Daily supplementation with n-3 PUFAs might be effective to improve mother and newborn health.

Keywords:

Leptin, Fatty acids, Cord blood, Newborn, Pregnancy,

PDF

___

Koletzko B, Lien E, Agostoni C, et al. World Association of Perinatal Medicine Dietary Guidelines Working Group. The roles of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation and infancy: review of current knowledge and consensus recommendations. J Perinat Med 2008;36:5-14. doi: 10.1515/JPM.2008.001.
Brett KE, Ferraro ZM, Yockell-Lelievre J, Gruslin A, Adamo KB. Maternal-fetal nutrient transport in pregnancy pathologies: the role of the placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2014;15:16153-85. doi: 10.3390/ijms150916153.
Haggarty P. Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:1559-70.
Atawi FA, Warsy AS, Babay Z, Addar M. Leptin concentration during different stages of pregnancy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2004;31:211-6.
Lepercq J, Challier JC, Guerre-Millo M, Cauzac M, Vidal H, Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Prenatal leptin production: evidence that fetal adipose tissue produces leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:2409-13.
Lepsch J, Farias DR, Vaz Jdos S, et al. Serum saturated fatty acid decreases plasma adiponectin and increases leptin throughout pregnancy independently of BMI. Nutrition 2016;32:740-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.016.
Valuniene M, Verkauskiene R, Boguszewski M, et al. Leptin levels at birth and in early postnatal life in small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. Medicina (Kaunas) 2007;43:784-91.
Reitman ML, Bi S, Marcus-Samuels B, Gavrilova O. Leptin and its role in pregnancy and fetal development--an overview. Biochem Soc Trans 2001;29:68-72.
Gray B, Steyn F, Davies PS, Vitetta L. Omega-3 fatty acids: a review of the effects on adiponectin and leptin and potential implications for obesity management. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013 67:1234-42. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.197.
Brunner S, Schmid D, Hüttinger K, et al. Effect of reducing the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio on the maternal and fetal leptin axis in relation to infant body composition. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22:217-24. doi: 10.1002/oby.20481.
Korotkova M, Gabrielsson BG, Holmäng A, Larsson BM, Hanson LA, Strandvik B. Gender-related long-term effects in adult rats by perinatal dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288:R575-9.
Swanson D, Block R, Mousa SA. Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life. Adv Nutr 2012;3:1-7. doi: 10.3945/an.111.000893.
De Giuseppe R, Roggi C, Cena H. n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation: effects on infant and maternal outcomes. Eur J Nutr 2014;53:1147-54. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0660-9.
Szajewska H, Horvath A, Koletzko B. Effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of women with low-risk pregnancies on pregnancy outcomes and growth measures at birth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1337-44.
Imhoff-Kunsch B, Briggs V, Goldenberg T, Ramakrishnan U. Effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy on maternal, infant, and child health outcomes: a systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012;26 Suppl 1:91-107. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01292.x.
Oken E, Kleinman KP, Olsen SF, Rich-Edwards JW, Gillman MW. Associations of seafood and elongated n-3 fatty acid intake with fetal growth and length of gestation: results from a US pregnancy cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:774-83.
Helland IB, Saugstad OD, Smith L, et al. Similar effects on infants of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids supplementation to pregnant and lactating women. Pediatrics 2001;108:E82.
Schuchardt JP, Huss M, Stauss-Grabo M, Hahn A. Significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the development and behaviour of children. Eur J Pediatr 2010;169:149-64. doi: 10.1007/s00431-009-1035-8.
Krauss-Etschmann S, Shadid R, Campoy C, et al.; Nutrition and Health Lifestyle (NUHEAL) Study Group. Effects of fish-oil and folate supplementation of pregnant women on maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid: a European randomized multicenter trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1392-400.
Kim H, Kim H, Lee E, Kim Y, Ha EH, Chang N. Association between maternal intake of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months of age: results of the MOCEH cohort study. Nutr J 2017;18;16:23. doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-0242-9.
Simopoulos AP. Importance of the omega-6/omega-3 balance in health and disease: evolutionary aspects of diet. World Rev Nutr Diet 2011;102:10-21. doi: 10.1159/000327785.
Challier J, Galtier M, Bintein T, Cortez A, Lepercq J, Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Placental leptin receptor isoforms in normal and pathological pregnancies. Placenta 2003;24:92-9.
Korotkova M, Gabrielsson B, Lönn M, Hanson LA, Strandvik B. Leptin levels in rat offspring are modified by the ratio of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid in the maternal diet. J Lipid Res 2002;43:1743-9.
Duttaroy AK, Taylor J, Gordon MJ, Hoggard N, Campbell FM. Arachidonic acid stimulates internalisation of leptin by human placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;299:432-7.
Laivuori H, Gallaher MJ, Collura L, et al. Relationships between maternal plasma leptin, placental leptin mRNA and protein in normal pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction without pre-eclampsia. Mol Hum Reprod 2006;12:551-6.
Bronsky J, Karpísek M, Bronská E, et al. Adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein, and epidermal fatty acid binding protein: proteins newly identified in human breast milk. Clin Chem 2006;52:1763-70.
Josefson JL, Zeiss DM, Rademaker AW, Metzger BE. Maternal leptin predicts adiposity of the neonate. Horm Res Paediatr 2014;81:13-9. doi: 10.1159/000355387.
Tsai PJ, Davis J, Bryant-Greenwood G. Systemic and placental leptin and its receptors in pregnancies associated with obesity. Reprod Sci 2015;22:189-97. doi: 10.1177/1933719114537718.
Tsai PJ, Yu CH, Hsu SP, et al. Cord plasma concentrations of adiponectin and leptin in healthy term neonates: positive correlation with birthweight and neonatal adiposity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004;61:88-93.
Weyermann M, Beermann C, Brenner H, Rothenbacher D. Adiponectin and leptin in maternal serum, cord blood, and breast milk. Clin Chem 2006;52:2095-102.