Zigana kış turizm merkezinin termal konfor koşullarının kayakçılara ve ziyaretçilere göre belirlenmesi

Turizm faaliyetlerinin yapılabilmesinde iklim koşullarının belirleyici bir rolü vardır. Bu çalışma Zigana Kış Turizmi Merkezi’nin (ZKTM) kayakçılar (aktif kayak yapan) ve ziyaretçiler (gezip-dolaşan) açısından termal konfor koşullarının belirlenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada ZKTM’de bulunan meteoroloji istasyonunun saatlik ölçüm verileri kullanılmıştır. Termal konfor koşulları basit indislerden RSİ (Rüzgâr Soğuğu İndisi) ve karmaşık indislerden DFES (Düzenlenmiş Fizyolojik Eşdeğer Sıcaklık İndisi) indisleri ile belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda ZKTM’de kayakçılar için kasım ayından mart ayına kadar ki dönemde ocak ayının 10. gününden şubat ayının 10. gününe kadar ki dönem soğuk riskli koşullar etkili olurken diğer günler konforlu olarak ifade edilebilir. Gün içerisinde saat 10:00 ile 16:00 arasının uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Herhangi bir aktivite yapmayan ziyaretçiler için ise tüm dönem boyunca soğuk riskler bulunmaktadır. ZKTM’deki turizm faaliyetleri için bu çalışmanın dikkate alınması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kış Turizmi, Turizm İklimi, Termal Konfor, Rüzgâr Soğuğu İndisi (RSİ), Düzenlenmiş Fizyolojik Eşdeğer Sıcaklık İndisi (DFES), Zigana Kış Turizm Merkezi (ZKTM)

Determination of thermal comfort conditions of Zigana winter tourism center according to skiers and visitors

Climatic conditions play a decisive role in the realization of tourism activities. This study aims to determine the thermal comfort conditions of the Zigana Winter Tourism Center (ZWTC) for skiers (active skiers) and visitors (wanderers). The study used hourly measurement data from the meteorology station at ZWTC. Thermal comfort conditions were determined with WCI (Wind Chill Index) from simple indices and MPET (Modified Physiologically Equivalent Temperature) indices from complex indices. As a result of the study, cold, risky conditions for skiers from November to March in the period from the 10th day of January to the 10th day of February are effective, while other days can be expressed as comfortable. It has been determined that the hours between 10:00 and 16:00 during the day are suitable. There are cold risks throughout the entire period for visitors who do not do any activity. It is recommended to consider this study for tourism activities in ZWTC.

Keywords:

Winter Tourism, Tourism Climate, Thermal Comfort, Wind Chill Index (WCI), Modified Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (MPET), Zigana Winter Tourism Center (ZWTC),

PDF

___

Auliciems, A., & Szokolay, S. V. (2007). Passive and low energy architecture international: Design tools and techniques—Note 3. Brisbane, Australia: Dept. of Architecture, Univ. of Queensland.
Blazejczyk, K., Baranowski, J., & Blazejczyk, A. (2018). Climate related diseases. Current regional variability and projections to the year 2100. Quaestiones Geographicae, 37(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2018- 0003
Bulut, İ., & Yildirim, M. (2018). Yakakent tourism potential. Studies Of The Ottoman Domain, 8(15), 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19039/sotod.2018.86
Çağlak, S. (2021). Effects and possible consequences of climate change on bioclimatic comfort conditions. (Unpublished doctoral thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate School of Education, Samsun).
Çağlak, S., Özlü, T., & Şahin, K. (2017). Investigation of tourism in terms of bioclimatologic conditions of Amasya. Studies of The Ottoman Domain, 7(13), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.19039/sotod.2017.74
Çalışkan, O., & Matzarakis, A. (2013). The climate and bioclimate of Nevşehir from the perspective of tourism. Advances in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics, 397–402. https:// doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3- 642-29172-2_56
Chen, Y.-C., & Matzarakis, A. (2018). Modified physiologically equivalent temperature—Basics and applications for western European climate. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 132, 1275–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2158-x
de Freitas, C. R., & Grigorieva, E. A. (2015). A comprehensive catalogue and classification of human thermal climate indices. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014- 0819-3
Demiroğlu, O. C. (2013). The effect of climate change on winter tourism. (Unpublished doctoral thesis, İstanbul University, Social Sciences Institute, İstanbul).
Doğaner, S. (1997). The main factors affecting winter tourism in the mountainous areas of Turkey. Journal of Geography, 5, 19–44.
Doğaner, S. (2001). Turkey tourism geography. Çantay Bookstore, İstanbul.
Donaldson, G. C., & Keatinge, W. R. (2002). Excess winter mortality: Influenza or cold stress? Observational study. Bmj, 324(7329), 89–90. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7329.89
Driscoll, D. M. (1992). Thermal comfort indexes. Current uses and abuses. Nat. Weather Digest, 17(4), 33–38.
Epstein, Y., & Moran, D. S. (2006). Thermal comfort and the heat stress indices. Industrial Health, 44(3), 388– 398. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.44.388
Evren, S., Zeybek, H. İ., & Sedat, T. (2020). Küçük Ölçekli Kayak Merkezlerinde Destinasyon Rekabetçiliği: Zigana Kış Turizmi Merkezi Örneği (Destination Competitiveness in Small-Scale Ski Centers: The Case of Zigana Winter Tourism Center). Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 8(2), 1269–1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2020.607
Güçlü, Y. (2010). Climate comfort for coastal tourism on the sea coasts of Turkey. Lisans Publishing, İstanbul.
Gulyás, Á., Unger, J., & Matzarakis, A. (2006). Assessment of the microclimatic and human comfort conditions in a complex urban environment: Modelling and measurements. Building and Environment, 41(12), 1713–1722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.001
Hall, C. M. (2019). Constructing sustainable tourism development: The 2030 agenda and the managerial ecology of sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 1044–1060. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1560456
Höppe, P. (1984). Die Energiebilanz des Menschen (English translation: The energy balance in human). Wiss Mitt Meteorol Inst Univ Mtinchen, 49.
Höppe, P. (1999). The physiological equivalent temperature–a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050118
ISO. (2005). British standard BS EN ISO 7730 -2005, Ergonomics of the thermal environment -Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria.
Jussila, K., Rissanen, S., Aminoff, A., Wahlström, J., Vaktskjold, A., Talykova, L., Remes, J., Mänttäri, S., & Rintamäki, H. (2017). Thermal comfort sustained by cold protective clothing in Arctic open-pit mining—A thermal manikin and questionnaire study. Industrial Health, 55(6), 537–548. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2017-0154
Lin, T.-P., & Matzarakis, A. (2008). Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52, 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-007-0122-7
Liu, Y., Kan, H., Xu, J., Rogers, D., Peng, L., Ye, X., Chen, R., Zhang, Y., & Wang, W. (2014). Temporal relationship between hospital admissions for pneumonia and weather conditions in Shanghai, China: A time-series analysis. BMJ Open, 4(7), 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004961
Matzarakis, A. (2001). Climate and bioclimate information for tourism in Greece. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Climate, Tourism and Recreation, Ed. by A. Matzarakis and CR de Freitas. International Society of Biometeorology, Commission on Climate Tourism and Recreation, 171–183.
Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., & Iziomon, M. G. (1999). Applications of a universal thermal index: Physiological equivalent temperature. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050119
Nemeth, A. (2013). Estimation of Tourism Climate in the Lake Balaton Region, Hungary. Journal of Enviromental Geography, 6(1–2), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10326-012-0006-0
Noor, A., Fiorito, T., & Krilov, L. R. (2019). Cold weather viruses. Pediatrics in Review, 40(10), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2018-0237
Olgyay, V. (1973). Design with climate, bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Osczevski, R., & Bluestein, M. (2005). The new wind chill equivalent temperature chart. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86(10), 1453–1458. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1453
Özgüç, N. (2007). Tourism geography: Features and regions. (5th Edition). Çantay Bookstore, İstanbul.
Roshan, G., Mirkatouli, G., Shakoor, A., & Mohammad-Nejad, V. (2010). Studying wind chill index as a climatic index effective on the health of athletes and tourists interested in winter sports. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 1(2), 108–116.https://doi.org/10.5812%2Fasjsm.34861
Roshan, G., Yousefi, R., & B\lażejczyk, K. (2018). Assessment of the climatic potential for tourism in Iran through biometeorology clustering. International Journal of Biometeorology, 62, 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1462-6
Scott, D., Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2012). International tourism and climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3(3), 213–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.165
Seyfi, S., Sharifi-Tehrani, M., Hall, C. M., & Vo-Thanh, T. (2023). Exploring the drivers of Gen Z tourists’ buycott behaviour: A lifestyle politics perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2023.2166517
Singh, D. E., Marinescu, M.-C., Carretero, J., Delgado-Sanz, C., Gomez-Barroso, D., & Larrauri, A. (2020). Evaluating the impact of the weather conditions on the influenza propagation. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-04977-w
Siple, P. A., & Passel, C. F. (1945). Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in subfreezing temperatures. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 89(1), 177–199.
Sungur, K. A. (1980). An essay on monthly distribution of suitable and unsuitable heat values in terms of human life in Turkey. Journal of Istanbul University Institute of Geography, 23, 27–36.
Tranos, E., & Davoudi, S. (2014). The regional impact of climate change on winter tourism in Europe. Tourism Planning & Development, 11(2), 163–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2013.864992
TTMD. (2021). Thermal comfort. Heating, cooling, ventilation, air conditioning, fire and plumbing. E Journal, 131. https://www.ttmd.org.tr/pdfdosyalari/dergi-eki-131-1-1.pdf
Ülker, İ. (2006). Our Mountains: Mountain sports and mountain tourism, our high mountains and ski resorts. T. C. Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ankara.
Yfantidou, G., Nikou, M., & Matsouka, O. (2018). Winter tourism in Greece: An approach to tourists’ behavior and needs. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 21(1), 74–87.