Buzağı Kayıplarının Önlenmesinde İnek ve Buzağı Beslemesinin Önemi

Bu çalışmada buzağı kayıplarının sebepleri ve kayıpları önlemeye yönelik tedbirler değerlendirilmiştir. Süt ineklerinde buzağı kayıplarına neden olan besleme yanlışlıları detaylı bir şekilde tartışılmıştır. Yine buzağıların hayatta kalmasında ağız sütünün önemi vurgulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, sağlıklı bir buzağının sektöre kazandırılabilmesi için anne bakımında tutun, buzağıya verilen gıdalar ve gıdaların verildiği yemliklere kadar özen gösterilmesi gerektiği kanısına varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Buzağı, buzağı kaybı

PDF

___

1. Ağaoğlu Z, Akgül Y (2006): Metabolizma Hastalıkları In: Geviş Getiren Hayvanların İç Hastalıkları (Sığır, Koyun-Keçi). Gül Y (Ed), II Baskı, Medipres, Malatya, s: 405-440.
2. Alaçam E (1997): Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfertilite, Medisan Yayınları, Ankara.
3. Andrews AH, Blowey RW, Boyd H, Eddy RG (1992): Bovine Medicine: Diseases and Husbandry of Cattle. Oxford, Blackwell, p:793-795.
4. Arthur GH (1996): The development of the conceptus. In: Arthur GH, Nokes DE, Pearson H, editors. Pregnancy and parturition in veterinary reproduction and obstetrics. 7th edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. p. 51–109.
5. Ayaşan T. (2009): Süt İneklerinin Beslenmesinde Süt Üre Nitrojenin Önemi. GOÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 27-33.
6. Aydın İ (2007): Sığırlarda Kan Üre Nitrojen Düzeyinin Fertiliteye Etkisi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 4(1) 49-56.
7. Aydoğdu M (2017): Probiyotik Kullanmanın Süt Emen Simental Buzağılarda Performans ve Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kırıkkale.
8. Bell AW (1995): Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Journal of Animal Science, 73: 2804-2819.
9. Broderick GA, Wallace RJ, Ørskov ER (1991): Control of rate and extent of protein degradation. p: 541–592 in Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants, Ed: T Tsuda, Y Sasaki, and R Kawashima, eds Academic Press, Boston, MA.
10. Burke CR, Meier S, McDougall S, Compton C, Mitchell M, Roche JR (2010): Relationships between endometritis and metabolic state during the transition period in pasture-grazed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 93, 5363–5373.
11. Butler WR, Smith RD (1989): Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartum reproductive function. J Dairy Sci, 72,767.
12. Canfield RW, Sniffen CJ, Butler WR (1990): Effects of excess degradable protein on postpartum reproduction and energy balance in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 73: 9, 2342-2349.
13. Church DC, Fontenot JP (1971): Nitrogen Metabolism and Requirements 25-55 Ed DC Church In: “Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants” 2nd ed, Vol 2 Nutrition, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA.
14. Civelek T, Aydın İ, Cingi CÇ, Yılmaz O, Kabu M (2011): Serum non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate in dairy cows with retained placenta. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 8318(4):341344.
15. Cooper R (2014): Ketosis in dairy cattle. Livestock, Volume 19, No 2.
16. Coşkun B, Şeker E, İnal F (1997): Hayvan Besleme Ders Notları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayın Ünitesi, Konya, s:211,17,21.
17. Curtis CR, Erb HN, Sniffen CJ, Smith RD, Powers PA, Smith MC, White ME, Hillman RB, Pearson EJ (1983): Association of parturient hypocalcemia with eight periparturient disorders in Holstein cows. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 183, 559–561.
18. Cuttance E, Denholm K (2016): Colostrum Management: Giving calves a great start to life. Technical Series, June 2016 Issue 30, 1-7.
19. Çitil M, Uzlu E (2005): Sığırların doğum sonrası hastalıkların erken tanısında ultrasonografik yöntemle vücut kondisyon skor tayininin önemi. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 11: 201-206.
20. Dijkstra J (1994): Production and absorption of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Livestock Production Science Volume 39, Issue 1, p: 61-69.
21. Dijkstra J, Forbes JM, France J (2005): Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism 2nd ed, ed CABI Publishing, UK, p: 157-170.
22. Domecq JJ, Skidmore AL, Lloyd JW, Kaneene JB (1997): Relationship between body condition scores and milk yield in large dairy herd of high yielding Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 80: 101-112.
23. Duffield TF, Lissemore KD, McBride BW, Leslie KE (2009): Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production. J Dairy Sci, 92:571-580.
24. Edmonson AJ, Lean IJ, Weaver LD, Farver T, Webster G (1989): A body condition
25. scoring chart for holstein dairy cows. JDairy Sci, 72: 68-78.
26. Elanco Animal Health (1996): Body condition scoring in dairy cattle. Elanco Animal Health Bull. AI 8478. Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN.
27. Elrod CC, Van Amburgh M, Butler WR (1993): Alterations of pH in response to ıncreased dietary protein in cattle are unique to the uterus, J Anim Sci, 71:3, 702-706.
28. Ensminger ME, Oldfield JE, Heinemann WW (1990): Feeds and Nutrition. p: 88-89, 850-852, 2nd edition The Ensminger Publishing Co, Clovis, CA.
29. Ergün A, Tuncer ŞD, Çolpan İ, Yalçın S, Yıldız G, Küçükersan MK, Küçükersan S, Şehu A, Saçaklı P (2011): Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları. Pozitif, Ankara, s: 67,83-84, 128130,156,209,261-268, 291-297.
30. Harris B, Shearer JK (1992): Metabolic diseases of dairy cattleMilk Fever. DS 74 Dairy Production Guide.
31. Ferguson JD, Galligan DT, Thomsen N (1994): Principal descriptors of body condition score in holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 77, 26952673.
32. Ferguson JD (1996): Implementation of a body condition scoring program in dairy herds. The Penn Annual Conference.
33. Gallo L, Carnier P, Cassandro M, Mantovani R, Bailoni L, Contiero B, Bittante G (1996): Change in body condition score of holstein cows as affected by parity and mature equivalent milk yield. JDairy Sci, 79:1009-1015.
34. Gilbert RO, Shin ST, Guard CL, Erb HN, Frajblat M (2005): Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 64, 1879–1888.
35. Gillund P, Reksen O, Gröhn YT, Karlberg K (2001): Body condition related to ketosis and reproductive performance in Norwegian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 84, 1390-1396.
36. Godden S (2008): Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves. Vet Clin Food Anim 24, 19–39.
37. Goff JP, Kehrlı ME, Horst RL (1989): Periparturient hypocalcemia in cows: Prevention using intramuscular parathyroid hormone. J Dairy Sci, 72: 1182-1187.
38. Goff JP, Reinhardt TA, Horst RL (1989): Recurring hypocalcemia of bovine parturient paresis is associated with failure to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Endocrinology, 125(1) 49-53.
39. Goff JP, Reinhardt TA, Beckman MJ, Horst RL (1990): Contrasting effects of exogenous 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] versus endogenous 1,25-(OH)2 D3 induced by dietary calcium restriction on Vitamin D receptors. Endocrinology, 126, 1031-1035.
40. Green HB, Horst RL, Beitz DC, Littledike ET (1981): Vitamin D metabolites in plasma of cows fed a prepartum low-calcium diet for prevention of parturient hypocalcemia. J Dairy Sci, 64, 217-226.
41. Grummer RR (1995): Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow. J Anim Sci, 73, 2820-2833.
42. Horst RL (1986): Regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the dairy cow. J Dairy Sci, 69: 604–616. Karslı MA ve Evci Ş. Buzağı Kayıplarının Önlenmesinde İnek ve Buzağı Beslemesinin Önemi 33 Lalahan Hay. Araşt. Enst. Derg. http://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/lalahanhmae Cilt 58, Özel Sayı, 2018, 23-34
43. Horst RL, Goff JP, Reinhardt TA (1994): Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in the dairy cow. J Dairy Sci, Jul;77(7):1936-1951.
44. Horst RL, Goff JP, Reinhardt TA, Buxton TR (1997): Strategies for preventing milk fever in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 80: 1269-1280.
45. International Plant Nutrition Institute (1999): Phosphorus in Animal Nutrition. Better Crops With Plant Food, (83), No: 1.
46. Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vuksan V (1999): Inulin, Oligofructose and Intestinal Function. J Nutr, 129(7): 1431-1433.
47. Kalaycıoglu L, Serpek B, Nizamlıoğlu M, Başpınar N, Tiftik AM (2000): Biyokimya. Nobel, Ankara, s: 35-38,40,414-424,468-471.
48. Kamphues J (1996): The DCAB concept in prevention of hypocalcaemia. Übersichten zur Tierernährung, 24 (1) 129-135.
49. Kellems RO, Church DC (2016): Livestock Feeds And Feeding: Çiftlik Hayvanlarının Yemleri ve Beslenmesi/ Çeviri Editörleri: Prof. Dr. Müjdat Alp, Prof. Dr. Neşe Kocabağlı, Nobel, Ankara, s: 308-311.
50. Khan A, Mushtaq MH, Khan AW, Chaudhry M, Hussain A (2015): Descriptive epidemiology and seasonal variation in prevalence of milk fever in KPK (Pakistan). Global Vet, 14: 472-477.
51. Kım IH, Suh GH (2003): Effect of the amount of body condition loss from the dry to near calving periods on the subsequent body condition change, occurrence of postpartum diseases, metabolic parameters and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology, 60: 1445.
52. Kichura TS, Horst RL, Beitz DC, Littledike ET (1982): Relationships between prepartal dietary calcium and phosphorus, vitamin D metabolism, and parturient paresis in dairy cows. J Nutr, 112, 480-487.
53. LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Bateman KG, Keefe GP, Walton JS, Johnson WH (2002): Defining and diagnosing postpartum clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 85, 2223–2236.
54. LeBlanc SJ, Leslie K, Duffield TF (2005): Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 88:159-170.
55. Leng RA, Nolan JV (1984): Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci, 67: 1072-1089.
56. Mandebvu P, Ballard CS, Snıffen CJ, Tsang DS, Valdez F, Mıyoshı S, Schlatter L (2003): Effect of feeding an energy supplement prepartum and postpartum on milk yield and composition, and incidence of ketosis in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 105: 81–93.
57. McGuirk SM, Collins M (2004): Managing the production, storage and delivery of colostrum. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract;20(3):593–603.
58. Melendez P, Donovan A, Hernandez J (2000): Milk urea nitrogen and infertility in florida holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 459–463.
59. Melendez P, Poock S (2017): A dairy herd case investigation with very low dietary cation–anion difference in prepartum dairy cows. Front Nutr, 4: 26.
60. Montiel F, Ahuja C (2005): Body condition and suckling as factors influencing the duration of postpartum anestrus in cattle. Anim Repro Sci, 85: 1-26.
61. Mosenfechtel S, Hoedemaker M, Eıgenmann UJ, Rusch P (2002): Influence of back fat thickness on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Vet Rec, 151: 387-388.
62. National Research Council (1996): Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle 7th rev ed National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
63. National Research Council (2001): Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 7th rev ed National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
64. Oetzel GR, Olson CRC, Fettman MJ (1988): Ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate for prevention of parturient paresis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 71: 3302.
65. Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, Overton TR (2010): Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: Critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. J Dairy Sci, 93(2):546-554.
66. PMC US National Library of Medicine National institute of Health (2002): Milk Fever Control Principles: A Review published by Bio Med Central, Journal Acta Vet Scand, 43(1): 1-19.
67. Radostits OM (2001): Herd health: Food animal production medicine, 3rd edition. pp. 333-390.
68.
69. Rajala-Schultz PJ, Saville JA, Frazer GS, Wittum, TE (2000): Association between milk urea nitrogen and fertility in ohio dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 84: 482-489.
70. Reddy RY (2014): IFAD Partner Logo Nutritional management of dairy animals Milk IT Project Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. http:// slideplayer.com/slide/4891371/ Son erişim tarihi: 18.04.2018.
71. Richards MW, Spitzer JC, and Werner MB (1986): Effect of varying levels of postpartum nutrition and body condition at calving on subsequent reproductive performance in beef cattle. J Anim Sci, 62, 300-306.
72. Risco CA, Reynolds JP, Hird D (1984): Uterine prolapse and hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 185: 1517–1519.
73. Rodney RM, Celi P, Scott W, Breinhild K, Lean IJ (2015): Effects of dietary fat on fertility of dairy cattle: A meta-analysis and metaregression. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(8), 5601-5620.
74. Ruegg PL, Milton RL (1995): Body condition scores of holstein cows on Prince Edward Island, Canada: Relationships with yield, reproductive performance, and disease. J Dairy Sci, 78, 552-564.
75. Rukkwamsuk T (2011): Effect of Nutrition on Reproductive Performance of Postparturient Dairy Cows in the Tropics: A Review. Thai J Vet Med Suppl. 41: 103-107.
76. Santos JEP, Martinez N, Vieira-Neto A, Lopera C, Nelson C (2016): Dietary manipulations and interventions to improve calcium metabolism. Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium 27th Annual Meeting, Gainesville, Florida, p:140-149.
77. Serjrsen K, Neimann-Sorensen A (1981): Current topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Factors influencing fertility in the postpartum cows. Nutritional Physiology and Feeding of the Cow around Parturition, 20: 325-357.
78. Sinclair KD, Kuran M, Gebbie FE, Webband R, McEvoy TG (2000): Nitrogen metabolism and fertility in cattle: II Development of oocytes recovered from heifers offered diets differing in their rate of nitrogen release in the rumen. J Anim Sci, 78: 2670-2680.
79. Stokol T, Nydam DV (2006): Effect of hemolysis on nonesterified fatty acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in bovine blood. J Vet Diagn Invest,18(5):466-469.
80. Studer E (1998): A veterinary perspective of on-farm evaluation of nutrition and reproduction. J Dairy Sci, 81, 872-876.
81. Swan H, Godden S, Bey R (2007): Passive transfer of immunoglobulin g and preweaning health in Holstein calves fed a commercial colostrum replacer. J Dairy Sci 90:3857–3866.
82. Tucker WB, Hogue JF, Adams GD, Aslam M, Shin IS, Morgan G (1992): Influence of dietary cation-anion balance during the dry period on the occurrence of parturient paresis in cows fed excess calcium. J Anim Sci,70(4): 1238-1250.
83. Tunç MA (2007): Humatların Koyunlarda Rumen Parametreleri ve Bazı Kan Değerleri Üzerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atatürk Üniv Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı. Erzurum.
84. TÜİK (2016): Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2016.
85. Umucalılar HD, Gülşen N (2005): Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Beslenme Hastalıkları Selçuk Üniversitesi Basımevi, Konya.
86. Useni BA, Muller CJC, Cruywagen CW (2018): Pre- and postpartum effects of starch and fat in dairy cows: A review. South African Journal of Animal Science, 48 (No. 3), 413-426.
87. Ünsal B (1998): Doğum Felçli İneklerde Serum Kalsiyum Retinol ve Β-Karotin Düzeyleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi.
88. Waltner SS, Mcnamara JP, Hillers JK (1994): Validation of indirect measures of body fat in lactating cows. JDairy Sci, 77: 2570-2579.
89. William OR, Erickson HH, Goff JP, Uemura EE (2015) Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals 13th Ed Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, p: 569.
90. Van-Horn HH, Wilcox CS (1992): Large Dairy Herd Management. Management Services, American Dairy Sci Ass, 301 West Clark st Champaign IC.
91. Vicente F, Rodríguez ML, Martínez-Fernández A, Soldado A, Argamentería A, Peláez M, Roza- Delgado B (2014): Subclinical ketosis on dairy cows in transition period in farms with contrast ing butyric acid contents in silages. The Scientific World Journal, Article ID 279614.
92. Walsh RB, Walton JS, Kelton DF, LeBlanc SJ, Leslie KE, Duffield TF (2007): The effect of subclinical ketosis in early lactation on reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 90:2788-2796.
93. Weaver DM, Tyler JW, VanMetre DC (2000): Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves. J Vet Intern Med ; 14:569–77.
94. Wells SJ, Dargatz DA, Ott SL (1996): Factors associated with mortality to 21 days of life in dairy heifers in the United States. Prev Vet Med; 29:9–19.
95. Yavuzarslan E (2018): Değişen Miktarlarda Süte Katılan Prebiyotiklerin Süt Emen Simental Buzağılarda Büyüme Performansı Ve Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Hayvan Besleme Ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kırıkkale.