Öğretmenlerin İşle Bütünleşme Düzeylerinin Örgütsel ve Bireysel Değişkenlerle İlişkisi: Bir Çoklu Aracılık Modeli

Bu araştırmanın amacı ilköğretim kurumu öğretmenlerinin işle bütünleşme düzeylerinin bireysel ve örgütsel değişkenlerle ilişkilerinin incelenmesidir. İlişkisel tarama modelindeki araştırmada 2012-2013 eğitim öğretim yılında Ankara'daki ilköğretim kurumlarında çalışan 810 öğretmenden veri toplanmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Utrecht İşle Bütünleşme Ölçeği, Lider-Üye Etkileşimi Ölçeği, Öğretmen Özerkliği Ölçeği, Kendini Toparlama Ölçeği ve Öğretmen Öz Yeterlik İnancı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre öğretmenlerin işle bütünleşme düzeyleri bireysel (kendini toparlama ve öz yeterlik) ve örgütsel değişkenlerle (lider-üye etkileşimi ve özerklik) anlamlı düzeyde ilişkilidir. Bireysel ve örgütsel değişkenler işle bütünleşmeyi olumlu yönde ve anlamlı düzeyde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca bireysel değişkenler örgütsel değişkenlerle işle bütünleşme arasında aracı bir role sahiptir

The Relationship of Teachers' Work Engagement with Organizational and Personal Variables: A Multiple Mediator Model

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between primary school teachers' work engagement and personal and organizational variables. The study was designed as a relational model. Data were gathered from 810 teachers employed in primary education institutions in Ankara in 2012-2013 education year. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Leader-Member Exchange Scale, Teacher Autonomy Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale, and Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale were used as data collection tools. Findings showed that personal (resilience and selfefficacy) and organizational (leader-member exchange and autonomy) variables were significantly related to work engagement. Personal and organizational variables have a positive and significant effect on work engagement. Moreover, personal variables partially mediating the relationship between organizational variables and work engagement

___

  • Alarcon, G. M., & Edwards, J. M. (2010). The relationship of engagement, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Stress and Health, 27(3), 294-298.
  • Arı, S. (2011). Örgüt ikliminin işle bütünleşme üzerine etkisi ve bir uygulama (Yüksek lisans tezi). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi'nden edinilmiştir. (Tez No: 303751).
  • Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Smith, R. M., & Palmer, N. F. (2010). Impact of positive psychological capital on employee well-being over time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(1), 17-28.
  • Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127-152.
  • Bakker, A. B. (2009). Building engagement in the workplace. In R. J. Burke & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The peak performing organization (pp. 50-72). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
  • Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Work engagement: Further reflections on the state of play. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 74-88.
  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 13(3), 209-223.
  • Bakker, A. B., Gierveld, J. H., & Van Rijswijk, K. (2006). Succesfactoren bij vrouwelijke schoolleiders in het primair onderwijs: Een onderzoek naar burnout, bevlogenheid en prestaties (Success factors among female school principals in primary teaching: A Study onburnout, work engagement, and performance). Retrieved from http://www.onderwijsarbeidsmarkt. nl/sectoren/primair-onderwijs/
  • Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147-154.
  • Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work and Stress, 22(3), 187-200.
  • Bal, E. A. (2008). Self-efficacy, contextual factors and well-being: The impact of work engagement (Doktora tezi). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi'nden edinilmiştir. (Tez No: 221379).
  • Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
  • Bermejo, L., Hernández-Franco, V., & Prieto-Ursşa, M. (2013). Teacher well- being: Personal and job resources and demands. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 84, 1321-1325.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1987). Total, direct, and indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 17, 37-69.
  • Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Hetland, J. (2012). The measurement of state work engagement: A multilevel factor analytic study. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(4), 305-312.
  • Brown, R. L. (1997). Assessing specific mediational effects in complex theoretical models. Structural Equation Modeling, 4, 142-156.
  • Cevrioğlu, E. (2007). Lider-üye etkileşimi ile bireysel ve örgütsel sonuçlar arasındaki ilişki: Ampirik bir inceleme (Doktora tezi). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi'nden edinilmiştir. (Tez No: 205628).
  • Cheung, M. W.-L. (2007). Comparison of approaches to constructing confidence intervals for mediating effects using structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 227-246.
  • Christian, M. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2007). Work engagement: A meta-analytic review and directions for research in an emerging area. Paper presented at the Sixty-Seventh Annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved from http://aom.pace.edu/proceedings.
  • Chughtai, A., & Buckley, F. (2008). Work engagement and its relationship with state and trait trust: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 10(1), 47-71.
  • Çapa, Y., Çakıroğlu, J., & Sarıkaya, H. (2005). Turkish version of the teachers' sense http://people.ehe.ohiostate.edu/ahoy/files/2009/02/ttses.pdf scale (TTSES). Retrieved from
  • Çetin, Ş. (2011). Okul müdürlerinin liderliği ile müdür-öğretmen ilişkisinin öğretmenlerin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı üzerindeki etkisi (Doktora tezi). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi'nden edinilmiştir. (Tez No: 290711).
  • Dalay, G. (2007). The relationship between the variables of organizational trust, job engagement, organizational commitment and job involvement (Master thesis). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi'nden edinilmiştir. (Tez No: 209238).
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Janssen, P. P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, & Health, 27(4), 279-286.
  • Eryılmaz, A. ve Doğan, T. (2012). İş yaşamında öznel iyi oluş: Utrecht işe bağlılık ölçeğinin psikometrik niteliklerinin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 15, 49-55.
  • Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2009). How to design and evaluate research in education (Seventh Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
  • Güneşer, A. B. (2007). The effect of person-organization fit on organizational commitment and work engagement: the role of person-supervisor fit (Doctoral dissertation). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi'nden edinilmiştir. (Tez No: 208825).
  • Hakanen, J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. The Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495- 513.
  • Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven- year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(2-3), 415-424.
  • Hallberg, U. E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). "Same same" but different? Can work engagement be discriminated from job involvement and organizational commitment? European Psychologist, 11(2), 119-127.
  • Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources, and consequences. In Arnold B. Bakker & Michael P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 102-117). The United Kingdom: Psychology.
  • Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press
  • Hİigaard, R., Giske, R., & Sundsli, K. (2012). Newly qualified teachers' work engagement and teacher efficacy influences on job satisfaction, burnout, and the intention to quit. European Journal of Teacher Education, 35(3), 347-357.
  • Hoy, W. K., & Tarter, C. J. (2011). Positive psychology and educational administration: An optimistic research agenda. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(3), 427-445.
  • Hoyle, R.H. (1995). The structural equation modeling approach: Basic concepts and fundamental issues. In R.H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 1-15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. The Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692- 724.
  • Kirkpatrick, C. L. (2009). Engaging second-stage teachers in their work: The role of professional culture in schools (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis database. (UMI: 3385024).
  • Koçak, E. (2011). İlköğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin yetki devri, otonomi ve hesap verebilirliklerine ilişkin algılarının belirlenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi'nden edinilmiştir. (Tez No: 278416).
  • Konermann, J. (2011). Teachers' work engagement: A deeper understanding of the role of job and personal resources in relationship to work engagement, its antecedents, and its outcomes (Doctoral dissertation). 20/11/2012 tarihinde http://purl.utwente.nl/publications /79200 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Koyuncu, M., Burke, R. J., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2006). Work engagement among women managers and professionals in a Turkish bank: Potential antecedents and consequences. Equal Opportunities International, 25(4), 299-310.
  • Kreis, K., & Brockopp, D. Y. (1986). Autonomy: A component of teacher job satisfaction. Education, 107(1), 110-115.
  • Krull, J. L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001). Multilevel modeling of individual and group level mediated effects. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 249-277.
  • Liao-Holbrook, F. (2012). Integrating leader fairness and leader-member exchange in predicting work engagement: A contingency approach (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis database. (UMI: 1532615).
  • Liden, R. C., & Maslyn, J. M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43-72.
  • Llorens, S., Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A., & Salanova, M. (2007). Does a positive gain spiral of resources, efficacy beliefs and engagement exist? Computers in Human Behavior, 23(1), 825-841.
  • Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 695-706.
  • MacEachen, E., Polzer, J., & Clarke, J. (2008). ''You are free to set your own hours'': Governing worker productivity and health through flexibility and resilience. Social Science & Medicine, 66(5), 1019-1033.
  • Mache, S., Vitzthum, K., Klapp, B. F., & Danzer, G. (2014). Surgeons' work engagement: Influencing factors and relations to job and life satisfaction. The Surgeon, 12(4):181-190.
  • MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149.
  • MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York, USA: Taylor & Francis.
  • MacKinnon, D. P. (2000). Contrasts in multiple mediator models. In J. Rose, L. Chassin, C. C. Presson, & S. J. Sherman (Eds.), Multivariate applications in substance use research: New methods for new questions (pp. 141-160). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128.
  • Mansfield, C. F., Beltman, S., Broadley, T., & Weatherby-Fell, N. (2016). Building resilience in teacher education: An evidenced informed framework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 54: 77-87.
  • Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., Makikangas, A., & Feldt, T. (2010). Job demands and resources as antecedents of work engagement: A qualitative review and directions for future research. In S. L. Albrecht (Ed.), The handbook of employee engagement: Perspectives, issues, research and practice (pp. 111- 128). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). Do-it-yourself: An individual positive psychology intervention to promote positive emotions, self-efficacy, and engagement at work. Career Development International, 18(2), 173-195.
  • Öncel, L. (2007). Öğretmenlerin işleriyle bütünleşme düzeylerinin performansları ve iş yerlerinden ayrılma niyetleriyle ilişkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi'nden edinilmiştir. (Tez No: 211897).
  • Öner, Z. H. (2008). The mediating effect of organizational justice: Moderating roles of sense of coherence and job complexity on the relationship between servant leadership, and work engagement (Doctoral dissertation). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi'nden edinilmiştir. (Tez No: 221819).
  • Pearson, L. C., & Hall, B. C., (1993). Initial construct validation of the teaching autonomy scale. The Journal of Educational Research, 86(3), 172-177.
  • Pearson, L. C., & Moomaw, M. (2005). The relationship between teacher autonomy and stress, work satisfaction, empowerment, and professionalism. Educational Research Quarterly, 29(1), 37-53.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
  • Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 617-635.
  • Rothmann, S., Jorgensen, L. I., & Hill, C. (2011). Coping and work engagement in selected South African organizations. SA Journalof Industrial Psychology/SATydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, 37(1), 1-11.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004a). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004b). Utrecht work engagement scale: Preliminary manual. Retrieved from http://www.schaufeli.com
  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2007a). Work engagement: An emerging psychological concept and its implications for organizations. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P. Skarlicki (Eds), Research in Social Issues in Management: Managing Social and Ethical Issues in Organizations, Vol. 5 (135-177). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2007b). Efficacy or inefficacy, that's the question: Burnout and work engagement, and their relationships with efficacy beliefs. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 20(2), 177-196.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzàlez-Romà, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of burnout and engagement: A two sample confirmative analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
  • Schmitt, A., Zacher, H., & Lange, A. H. (2013). Focus on opportunities as a boundary condition of the relationship between job control and work engagement: A multi-sample, multi-method study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(5), 505-519.
  • Segers, J., DePrins, P., & Brouwers, S. (2010). Leadership and engagement: A brief review of the literature, a proposed model, and practical implications. In S. L. Albrecht (Ed.), The handbook of employee engagement: Perspectives, issues, research and practice(pp. 149-158). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.
  • Seppala, P., Mauno, S., Feldt, T., Hakanen, J., Kinnunen, U., Tolvanen, A., & Schaufeli, W. (2009). The construct validity of the Utrecht work engagement scale: Multisample and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 459-481.
  • Shirom, A. (2003). Feeling vigorous at work? The construct of vigor and the study of positive affect in organizations. In D. Ganster & P. L. Perrewe (Eds.), Research in organizational stress and well-being. (Vol. 3, pp. 135- 165). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  • Simbula, S., Guglielmi, D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). A three-wave study of job resources, self-efficacy, and work engagement among Italian school teachers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(3), 285-304.
  • Simons, J. C., & Buitendach, J. H. (2013). Psychological capital, work engagement and organizational commitment amongst call centre employees in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2), 1-12.
  • Sinclair, V. G., & Wallston, K. A. (2004). The development and psychometric evaluation of the brief resilient coping scale. Assessment, 11, 94-101.
  • Slöetjes, T. (2012). Personal resources in the job demands-resources model: The influence of proactive behavior, assertiveness, and worker flexibility (Master thesis). Retrieved from http://studenttheses.library.uu.nl/search.php
  • Tomas, J. M., Melendez, J. C., Sancho, P., & Mayordomo, T. (2012). Adaptation and initial validation ofthe BRCS in an elderly Spanish sample. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(4), 283-289.
  • Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing and elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783-805.
  • Tschannen-Moran, M., Woolfolk Hoy, A., & Hoy W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 202-248.
  • Turgut, T. (2011). Çalışmaya tutkunluk: İş yükü, esnek çalışma saatleri, yönetici desteği ve iş-aile çatışması ile ilişkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4), 155-179.
  • Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H., & Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 22(3), 277-294.
  • Van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Personal resources and work engagement in the face of change. In J. Houdmont and S. Leka (Eds.), Contemporary occupational health psychology: Global perspectives on research and practice, volume 1 (pp. 124- 150). Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141.
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2009a). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235-244.
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009b). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 183-200.