Erdi BAHADIR, Zeynep TÜRKKAN, Hüdanur AKKUZU, Nefise LADİKLİ, Fatıma Nureşfan YUMUŞAK, Gülşen KARAMAN

Türk örnekleminde koronavirüs korkusu ve kaygısına ilişkin sosyodemografik bir inceleme

Pandemi esnasında ortaya çıkan ya da sonrasında ortaya çıkabilecek bireysel veya kitlesel psikolojik tepkileri öngörme, anlama, koruyucu ve önleyici düzeyde psikososyal destek programları yahut resmi stratejiler geliştirme sürecinde, koronavirüse karşı temel psikolojik tepkiler olarak ele alınabilecek kaygı ve korkunun güncel durumunun tespiti önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türk örnekleminde koronavirüs kaygı ve korku düzeylerinin sosyodemografik değişkenlere göre nasıl farklılaştığı incelenmiştir. Veri toplamak için Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu, Koronavirüs Kaygı Ölçeği ve Kovid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya 18-73 yaş aralığında, 722’si kadın ve 428’i erkek olmak üzere toplam 1150 kişi katılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim düzeyi, maddi durum, aile içerisinde koronavirüs tanısı alan birinin varlığı, izolasyon süresi ve çalışma durumuna göre koronavirüs kaygı ve korku düzeylerinin farklılaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. Medeni durum, ailede koronavirüs tedavisi gören ve koronavirüsten vefat eden kişilerin varlığı açısından bireylerin koronavirüs kaygı ve korku düzeyleri anlamlı olarak farklılaşmamıştır. Elde edilen bulgular uluslararası alanyazın ile karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılmıştır.

A sociodemographic examination about coronavirus fear and anxiety in Turkish sample

It is crucial to determine the current state of anxiety and fear, which can be considered as psychological reactions to coronavirus. This will help in the process of predicting, understanding, and developing protective and preventive psychosocial support programs or official strategies for individual or mass psychological reactions that occur during or after the pandemic. In this study, it was examined how the level of coronavirus anxiety and fear in the Turkish sample differs in terms of sociodemographic variables. Sociodemographic Information Form, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale and the Fear of Covid-19 Scale were used to collect data. A total of 1150 people, 722 females and 428 males, between the ages of 18-73 participated in the study. The results of the analysis revealed that coronavirus anxiety and fear levels differ in terms of gender, age, education level, financial status, the presence of someone diagnosed with coronavirus in the family, duration of isolation, and employment status. The level of coronavirus anxiety and fear did not differ significantly in terms of marital status, presence of someone treated for coronavirus and someone who died for the coronavirus in the family. The findings were discussed in comparison with the international literature.

PDF

___

Ahmad, A., Rahman, I. ve Agarwal, M. (2020). Factors influencing mental health during Covid-19 outbreak: An exploratory survey among Indian population. Journal of Health Sciences, 10(2), 147-156.
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D. ve Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9.
Akkuzu, H., Yumuşak, F. N., Karaman, G., Ladikli, N., Türkkan, Z. ve Bahadır, E. (2020). Koronavirüs Kaygı Ölçeğinin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 2(2), 63-67.
Andrade, E. F., Pereira, L. J., Oliveira, A. P. L. de, Orlando, D. R., Alves, D. A. G., Guilarducci, J. S. ve Castelo, P. M. (2020). Perceived fear of COVID-19 infection according to sex, age and occupational risk using the Brazilian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Studies, 1-10.
Arrindell, W. A. (2000). Phobic dimensions: IV. The structure of animal fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(5), 509-530.
Asmundson, G. ve Taylor, S. (2020). Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 70, 102196.
Azoulay, E. ve Kentish-Barnes, N. A. (2020). 5-point strategy for improved connection with relatives of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Lancet Psychiatry, 8(6), e52.
Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1247-1263.
Bashir, M. F., Ma, B., Bilal, Komal, B., Bashir, M. A., Tan, D. ve Bashir, M. (2020). Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA. Science of The Total Environment, 728, 138835.
Beck, A. T. ve Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49-58.
Bouton, M. E., Mineka, S. ve Barlow, D. H. (2001). A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychological Review, 108(1), 4-32.
Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E. ve Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2020). Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9.
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227) 912-920.
Bults, M., Beaujean, D. J., de Zwart, O., Kok, G., van Empelen, P., van Steenbergen, J. E., Richardus, J. H. ve Voeten, H. A. (2011). Perceived risk, anxiety, and behavioural responses of the general public during the early phase of the Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands: Results of three consecutive online surveys. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 1-13.
Burani, K. ve Nelson, B. D. (2020). Gender differences in anxiety: The mediating role of sensitivity to unpredictable threat. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 153, 127-134.
Bycoffe, A., Groskopf, C. ve Mehta, D. (2020). How Americans view the coronavirus crisis and Trump’s response? FiveThirtyEight. https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/coronavirus-polls/
Clarke, M., Lewchuk, W., de Wolff, A. ve King, A. (2007). ‘‘This just isn’t sustainable’’: Precarious employment, stress and workers’ health. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 30(4), 311-326.
Craig K. J., Brown K. J. ve Baum A. (1995). Environmental factors in the etiology of anxiety. Bloom F. E. ve Kupfer D. J. (Ed.), Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress içinde (s. 1325-1339). Raven Press.
Craske, M. G., Glover, D. ve DeCola, J. (1995). Predicted versus unpredicted panic attacks: Acute versus general distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(1), 214- 223.
Çölgeçen, Y. ve Çölgeçen, H. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisine bağlı yaşanan kaygı düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye örneği. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 261-275.
Deacon, B. ve Maack, D. J. (2008). The effects of safety behaviors on the fear of contamination: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(4), 537-547.
de Leo, D. ve Trabucchi, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the fears of Italian senior citizens. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3572.
Deniz, S. (2020). Bireylerin e-sağlık okuryazarlığı ve siberkondri düzeylerinin incelenmesi. İnsan & İnsan, 7(24), 84-96.
Doshi, D., Karunakar, P., Sukhabogi, J. R., Prasanna, J. S. ve Mahajan, S. V. (2020). Assessing coronavirus fear in Indian population using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9.
Dragan, M., Grajewski, P. ve Shevlin, M. (2021). Adjustment disorder, traumatic stress, depression and anxiety in Poland during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1860356.
Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., McKay, D. ve Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). COVID-19 anxiety symptoms associated with problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 576-582.
Engelhard, I. M., van Uijen, S. L., van Seters, N. ve Velu, N. (2015). The effects of safety behavior directed towards a safety cue on perceptions of threat. Behavior Therapy, 46(5), 604-610.
Erkuş, A. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma süreci (5. baskı). Seçkin Yayınları.
Express Scripts. (2020). America’s state of mind: U.S. trends in medication use for depression, anxiety, and insomnia. https://www.express-scripts.com/corporate/nod e/2332
Feng, L. S., Dong, Z. J., Yan, R. Y., Wu, X. Q., Zhang, L., Ma, J. ve Zeng, Y. (2020). Psychological distress in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic: Preliminary development of an assessment scale. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113202.
Fitzpatrick, K. M., Drawve, G. ve Harris, C. (2020). Facing new fears during the COVID-19 pandemic: The State of America’s mental health. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75, 102291.
Fofana, N. K., Latif, F., Sarfraz, S., Bilal, Bashir, M. F. ve Komal, B. (2020). Fear and agony of the pandemic leading to stress and mental illness: An emerging crisis in the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113230.
Graf-Vlachy, L., Sun, S. ve Zhang, S. X. (2020). Predictors of managers’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1834195.
Greene, T., Harju-Seppänen, J., Adeniji, M., Steel, C., Grey, N., Brewin, C. R., Bloomfield, M. A. ve Billings, J. (2021). Predictors and rates of PTSD, depression and anxiety in UK frontline health and social care workers during COVID-19. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1).
Grillon, C., Baas, J. P., Lissek, S., Smith, K. ve Milstein, J. (2004). Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118(5), 916-924.
Gupta, S., Prasad, A. S., Dixit, P. K., Padmakumari, P., Gupta, S. ve Abhisheka, K. (2020). Survey of prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among 1124 healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic across India. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.07.006
Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B. ve Aydin, M. S. (2020). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181-188.
Haktanir, A., Seki, T. ve Dilmaç, B. (2020). Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Studies, 1-9.
Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S. ve Styra, R. (2004). SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1206-1212.
Hollifield, M., Katon, W., Skipper, B., Chapman, T., Ballenger, J. C., Mannuzza, S. ve Fyer, A. J. (1997). Panic disorder and quality of life: Variables predictive of functional impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(6), 766-772.
International Council of Nurses. (2008). Fact Sheet: ICN on poverty and health: Breaking the link. https://www. icn.ch
Jalloh, M. F., Li, W., Bunnell, R. E., Ethier, K. A., O’Leary, A., Hageman, K. M., Sengeh, P., Jalloh, M. B., Morgan, O., Hersey, S., Marston, B. J., Dafae, F. ve Redd, J. T. (2018). Impact of ebola experiences and risk perceptions on mental health in Sierra Leone, July 2015. BMJ Global Health, 3(2), e000471.
Jungmann, S. M. ve Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102239.
Kendir Çopurlar, C. ve Kartal, M. (2016). Sağlık okuryazarlığı nedir? Nasıl değerlendirilir? Neden önemli? Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10(1).
Koksal, E., Dost, B., Terzi, Ö., Ustun, Y. B., Özdin, S. ve Bilgin, S. (2020). Evaluation of depression and anxiety levels and related factors among operating theater workers during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 2.
Kontoangelos, K., Economou, M. ve Papageorgiou, C. (2020). Mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemia: A review of clinical and psychological traits. Psychiatry Investigation, 17(6), 491-505.
Ladikli, N., Bahadır, E., Yumuşak, F. N., Akkuzu, H., Karaman, G. ve Türkkan, Z. (2020). Kovid-19 Korkusu Ölçeğinin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. International Journal of Social Science, 3(2), 71-80.
Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen, T., Li, R., Tan, H., Kang, L., Yao, L., Huang, M., Wang, H., Wang, G., Liu, Z. ve Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(3).
Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393-401.
Lee, S. A., Mathis, A. A., Jobe, M. C. ve Pappalardo, E. A. (2020). Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113112.
Lei, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Yang, L. ve Xu, M. (2020). Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID19 epidemic in Southwestern China. Medical Science Monitor, 26.
Li, Q., Miao, Y., Zeng, X., Tarimo, C. S., Wu, C. ve Wu, J. (2020). Prevalence and factors for anxiety during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic among the teachers in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 153-158.
Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder-Smith, A. ve Rocklöv, J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2).
Maaravi, Y. ve Heller, B. (2020). Not all worries were created equal: The case of COVID-19 anxiety. Public Health, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.032
Martínez-Lorca, M., Martínez-Lorca, A., Criado-Álvarez, J. J., Armesilla, M. D. C. ve Latorre, J. M. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Validation in Spanish university students. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113350.
McLean, C. P. ve Anderson, E. R. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 496- 505.
Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B. ve Yang, H. (2020). Analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 among the elderly population in China and make corresponding suggestions. Psychiatry Research, 289, 112983.
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E. ve Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
Mimoun, E., Ben Ari, A. ve Margalit, D. (2020). Psychological aspects of employment instability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 183-185.
Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. (2020). Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102076.
Moreira, P. S., Ferreira, S., Couto, B., Machado-Sousa, M., Fernandez, M., Raposo-Lima, C., Sousa, N., Pico-Perez, M. ve Morgado, P. (2020). Protective elements of mental health status during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Portuguese population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4).
Nelson, G. H., O’Hara, M. W. ve Watson, D. (2018). National norms for the expanded version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS-II). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 953-968.
Niño, M., Harris, C., Draw, G. ve Fitzpatrick, K. M. (2021). Race and ethnicity, gender, and age on perceived threats and fear of COVID-19: Evidence from two national data sources. SSM- Population Health, 13.
Oflaz, F. (2008). Felaketlerin psikolojik etkileri ve hemşirelik uygulaması. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 12(3), 70-76.
Olatunji, B. O., Etzel, E. N., Tomarken, A. J., Ciesielski, B. G. ve Deacon, B. (2011). The effects of safety behaviors on health anxiety: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(11), 719-728.
Öhman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Clinical, evolutionary, and cognitive perspectives. M. Lewis ve J. M. Haviland (Ed.), Handbook of emotions (2. baskı) içinde (s. 573- 593). Guilford Publications.
Pieh, C., Budimir, S. ve Probst, T. (2020). The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 139.
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B. ve Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), 100-213.
Remes, O., Brayne, C., van der Linde, R. ve Lafortune, L. (2016). A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations. Brain and Behavior, 6(7).
Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N. ve Isralowitz, R. (2020). COVID-19 fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(5).
Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A. ve Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(8), 790.
Sakib, N., Bhuiyan, A. K. M. I., Hossain, S., Al Mamun, F., Hosen, I., Abdullah, A. H., Sarker, M. A., Mohiuddin, M. S., Rayhan, I., Hossain, M., Sikder, M. T., Gozal, D., Muhit, M., Islam, S. M. S., Griffiths, M. D., Pakpour, A. H. ve Mamun, M. A. (2020). Psychometric validation of the Bangla Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Confirmatory factor analysis and rasch analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(5), 1-12.
Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Yaseen, A., Al-Haidar, A., Ababneh, N., Bakri, F. ve Mahafzah, A. (2020). Conspiracy beliefs are associated with lower knowledge and higher anxiety levels regarding COVID-19 among students at the University of Jordan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 4915.
Sheikh, J. I., Leskin, G. A. ve Klein, D. F. (2002). Gender differences in panic disorder: Findings from the national comorbidity survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(1), 55-58.
Steimer T. (2002). The biology of fear-and anxiety-related behaviors. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 4(3), 231-249.
Swinton, J. (2020). Ask an expert: Tips for controlling fear and anxiety in a crisis. Utah State University Today. https://www.usu.edu/today/story/ask-an-expert-tipsfor-controlling-fear-and-anxiety-in-a-crisis
Toufexis, D. (2007). Region-and sex-specific modulation of anxiety behaviours in the rat. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 19(6), 461-473.
Tsang, S., Avery, A. R. ve Duncan, G. E. (2021). Fear and depression linked to COVID-19 exposure: A study of adult twins during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 296, 113699.
Ueda, M., Stickley, A., Sueki, H. ve Matsubayashi, T. (2020), Mental health status of the general population in Japan during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(9), 505-506.
Walker, D. L., Toufexis, D. J. ve Davis, M. (2003). Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety. European Journal of Pharmacology, 463(1-3), 199-216.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S. ve Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
Wilson, J. M., Lee, J., Fitzgerald, H. N., Oosterhoff, B., Sevi, B. ve Shook, N. J. (2020). Job insecurity and financial concern during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with worse mental health. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 62(9), 686-691.
Wolfe, M. T. ve Patel, P. C. (2021). Everybody hurts: Selfemployment, financial concerns, mental distress, and well-being during COVID-19. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 15.
Wu, D., Yang, T., Rockett, I. R. H., Yu, L., Peng, S. ve Jiang, S. (2018). Uncertainty stress, social capital, and suicidal ideation among Chinese medical students: Findings from a 22-university survey. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(2), 214-225.
Yonkers, K. A., Zlotnick, C., Allsworth, J., Warshaw, M., Shea, T. ve Keller, M. B. (1998). Is the course of panic disorder the same in women and men? American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(5), 596-602.
Zhang, Y. ve Ma, Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in liaoning province, China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2381.