Do childhood trauma and attachment dimensions predict psychotic-like experiences in a non-clinical sample?

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are very common in the healthy population of society and can be seen without being clinically diagnosed. Many studies have emphasized the relationship between PLEs and childhood trauma or attachment dimensions. The purpose of this study was examining the relationship between five sub-dimensions of childhood trauma (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect), two dimensions of attachment (model of self and others), and three sub-dimensions of PLEs (positive, negative, and depressive). The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) were used as assessment tools. It was assumed that early childhood traumas and attachment dimensions would significantly predict PLEs. The sample was compromised of 412 participants between the ages of 17-65. The results of the study indicated that individuals who had high score on childhood trauma and low score on attachment dimensions (model of self and others) had high score on PLEs. Besides, high scores on emotional abuse and low scores on attachment dimensions (model of self and others) may explain high scores on psychotic-like experiences. The results were discussed in the light of previous research and future directions were proposed for subsequent studies.

Çocukluk çağı travmaları ve bağlanma boyutları klinik olmayan örneklemdeki psikotik benzeri yaşantıları yordayabilir mi?

Psikoz benzeri yaşantılar toplumun sağlıklı kesiminde oldukça yaygındır ve klinik olarak tanı alınmadan da görülebilmektedir. Birçok araştırma psikotik benzeri yaşantıların çocukluk çağı travması veya bağlanma boyutları ile olan ilişkisini vurgulamıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı çocukluk çağı travmasının beş alt boyutu (duygusal istismar, fiziksel istismar, cinsel istismar, duygusal ihmal ve fiziksel ihmal) ve bağlanmanın iki boyutu (benlik ve başkaları modeli) ile psikotik benzeri yaşantılarının üç alt boyutu (pozitif, negatif ve depresif) arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Ölçme araçları olarak Toplumda Psişik Yaşantılar Ölçeği, Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeği ve İlişkiler Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Çocukluk çağı travmasının ve bağlanma boyutlarının psikotik benzeri yaşantıları anlamlı şekilde yordayabileceği varsayılmıştır. Örneklem, 17-65 yaş arasında toplam 412 katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçları çocukluk travma puanları yüksek olan ve bağlanma boyutlarında (benlik ve başkaları modeli) düşük puan alan bireylerin psikotik benzeri yaşantı puanlarının yüksek olduğunu işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca yüksek duygusal istismar puanları ile bağlanma boyutlarında (benlik ve başkaları modeli) alınan düşük puanlar yüksek psikotik benzeri yaşantı puanlarını açıklayabilmektedir. Bulunan sonuçlar, önceki araştırmalar ışığında tartışılmış ve gelecek çalışmalar için öneriler sunulmuştur.

PDF

___

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226.

Berenbaum, H., Thompson, R. J., Milanak, M. E., Boden, M. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2008). Psychological trauma and schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), 502.

Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., ... & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132.

Berry, K., Barrowclough, C., & Wearden, A. (2009). Adult attachment, perceived earlier experiences of care giving and trauma in people with psychosis. Journal of Mental Health, 18(4), 280-287.

Berry, K., Wearden, A., & Barrowclough, C. (2007). Adult attachment styles and psychosis: An investigation of associations between general attachment styles and attachment relationships with specific others. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 972– 976.

Berry, K., Wearden, A., Barrowclough, C., & Liversidge, T. (2006). Attachment styles, interpersonal relationships and psychotic phenomena in a non-clinical student sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(4), 707-718.

Bevilacqua, L., Carli, V., Sarchiapone, M., George, D. K., Goldman, D., Roy, A., & Enoch, M. A. (2012). Interaction between FKBP5 and childhood trauma and risk of aggressive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(1), 62-70.

Blair, M. A., Nitzburg, G., DeRosse, P., & Karlsgodt, K. H. (2018). Relationship between executive function, attachment style, and psychotic like experiences in typically developing youth. Schizophrenia Research, 197, 428-433.

Bowlby J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Volume I: Attachment, p. 3. Basic Books: New York.

Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 217-225.

Cole, C. L., Newman-Taylor, K., & Kennedy, F. (2016). Dissociation mediates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and subclinical psychosis. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(5), 577-592.

Cristóbal-Narváez, P., Sheinbaum, T., Ballespí, S., Mitjavila, M., Myin-Germeys, I., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes- Vidal, N. (2016). Impact of adverse childhood experiences on psychotic-like symptoms and stress reactivity in daily life in nonclinical young adults. PloS one, 11(4), e0153557.

DeRosse, P., & Karlsgodt, K. H. (2015). Examining the psychosis continuum. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 2(2), 80-89.

Goodall, K., Rush, R., Grünwald, L., Darling, S., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2015). Attachment as a partial mediator of the relationship between emotional abuse and schizotypy. Psychiatry Research, 230(2), 531-536.

Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 430.

Hankin, B. L., Kassel, J. D., & Abela, J. R. (2005). Adult attachment dimensions and specificity of emotional distress symptoms: Prospective investigations of cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 136-151.

Harder, S. (2014). Attachment in Schizophrenia— implications for research, prevention, and treatment. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(6), 1189-1193.

Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 260-273.

Jinyao, Y., Xiongzhao, Z., Auerbach, R. P., Gardiner, C. K., Lin, C., Yuping, W., & Shuqiao, Y. (2012). Insecure attachment as a predictor of depressive and anxious symptomology. Depression and Anxiety, 29(9), 789-796.

Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E. M., Skodol, A. E., Brown, J., & Oldham, J. M. (2001). Childhood verbal abuse and risk for personality disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(1), 16-23.

Kaymaz, N., & Van Os, J. (2010). Extended psychosis phenotype–yes: single continuum–unlikely: a commentary on ‘Why we need more debate on whether psychotic symptoms lie on a continuum with normality’ by David (2010). Psychological Medicine, 40(12), 1963-1966.

Kelleher, I., & Cannon, M. (2011). Psychotic-like experiences in the general population: characterizing a highrisk group for psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 41(1), 1-6.

Khan, A., McCormack, H. C., Bolger, E. A., McGreenery, C. E., Vitaliano, G., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2015). Childhood maltreatment, depression, and suicidal ideation: critical importance of parental and peer emotional abuse during developmental sensitive periods in males and females. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 42.

Korver‐Nieberg, N., Berry, K., Meijer, C. J., & de Haan, L. (2014). Adult attachment and psychotic phenomenology in clinical and non‐clinical samples: A systematic review. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 87(2), 127-154.

Levy, K. N., Ellison, W. D., Scott, L. N., & Bernecker, S. L. (2011). Attachment style. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 193-203.

Longden, E., Madill, A., & Waterman, M. G. (2012). Dissociation, trauma, and the role of lived experience: toward a new conceptualization of voice hearing. Psychological Bulletin, 138(1), 28.

Meins, E., Jones, S. R., Fernyhough, C., Hurndall, S., & Koronis, P. (2008). Attachment dimensions and schizotypy in a non-clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(4), 1000-1011.

Mortan Sevi, O., Ustamehmetoğlu, F., Gülen, M., & Zeybek, Z. (2019). Toplumda psişik yaşantılar ölçeğitürkçe formu’nun güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği. Yeni Sempozyum- Psikiyatri, Nöroloji ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi, 57 (3), 15-22.

Nelson, E. C., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A., Cooper, M. L., Dinwiddie, S. H., Bucholz, K. K., ... & Martin, N. G. (2002). Association between self-reported childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychosocial outcomes: results from a twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(2), 139-145.

Pascuzzo, K., Moss, E., & Cyr, C. (2015). Attachment and emotion regulation strategies in predicting adult psychopathology. Sage Open, 5(3), 1-15.

Pickering, L., Simpson, J., & Bentall, R. P. (2008). Insecure attachment predicts proneness to paranoia but not hallucinations. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1212-1224.

Powers, A. D., Thomas, K. M., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2011). The differential effects of child abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder on schizotypal personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(4), 438- 445.

Read, J., & Gumley, A. (2008). Can attachment theory help explain the relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis? Attachment, 2(1), 1-35.

Read, J., Agar, K., Argyle, N., & Aderhold, V. (2003). Sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adulthood as predictors of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76(1), 1-22.

Ross, C. A., Anderson, G., & Clark, P. (1994). Childhood Abuse and the Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 45(5), 489-491.

Rössler, W., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Rodgers, S., Haker, H., & Müller, M. (2016). Childhood trauma as a risk factor for the onset of subclinical psychotic experiences: Exploring the mediating effect of stress sensitivity in a cross-sectional epidemiological community study. Schizophrenia Research, 172(1-3), 46-53.

Saka, M.C., Atbaşoğlu, E.C., Alptekin, K. ve ark. (2015) Şizofrenide Gen-Çevre Etkileşimi Çalışması İçin Avrupa Şizofreni Ağı Dahilinde Türkiye Şizofreni Ağı Aile Temelinde Gen Çevre Etkileşimi Çalışması: Çok Merkezli, Uluslararası, Müdahalesiz Laboratuvar Çalışması. http://www.eu-gei.info.tr/

Şar, V., Öztürk, P. E., & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4), 1054-1063.

Sheinbaum, T., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2014). Fearful attachment mediates the association of childhood trauma with schizotypy and psychotic-like experiences. Psychiatry Research, 220(1-2), 691-693.

Sitko, K., Bentall, R. P., Shevlin, M., & Sellwood, W. (2014). Associations between specific psychotic symptoms and specific childhood adversities are mediated by attachment styles: an analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Psychiatry Research, 217(3), 202-209.

Spangler, G., & Zimmermann, P. (1999). Attachment representation and emotion regulation in adolescents: A psychobiological perspective on internal working models. Attachment & Human Development, 1(3), 270-290.

Stefanis, N. C., Hanssen, M., Smirnis, N. K., Avramopoulos, D. A., Evdokimidis, I. K., Stefanis, C. N., ... & Van Os, J. (2002). Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 32(2), 347-358.

Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarasi bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14, 71-109.

Tiliopoulos, N., & Goodall, K. (2009). The neglected link between adult attachment and schizotypal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 299-304.

Toutountzidis, D., Gale, T. M., Irvine, K., Sharma, S., & Laws, K. R. (2018). Sex differences in the association between childhood adversities and schizotypal personality traits. Psychiatry Research, 269, 31-37.

van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness–persistence– impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 179-195.

van Os, J., Verdoux, H., & Hanssen, M. (1999). CAPE-42. Maastricht: University of Maastricht; 1999. Available from: http://cape42.homestead.com

Zubin, J., & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability: a new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86(2).