Koronavirüs Pandemisi Döneminde Aile Dayanıklılığının Annelerin Risk Faktörlerine Göre İncelenmesi

Aile dayanıklılığı, aile üyelerinin zorluklarla başarılı bir şekilde baş ederek sıcaklık, destek ve uyum ile gelişmeleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu yapı, aileyi oluşturan bireylerin güçlerinden, kaynaklarından ve süreçlerinden etkilenebilmektedir. Güncel araştırmalar koronavirüs pandemisinin hayatımıza girmesiyle aile dinamiklerini etkileyen ve zorlayan birçok risk faktörüne vurgu yapmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmaların sonuçları dünya çapında yaşanan kaygının kökeni bir olsa da farklı ailelerin farklı baş etme tarzları olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Bu noktadan çıkışla, planlanan bu çalışmanın amacı, bir yılı dolan koronavirüs pandemisinde ailelerin sağlamlıklarını ne şekilde koruduklarının belirlenmesidir. Araştırmaya, evli olan 580 anne katılmıştır. Katılımcılar; demografik bilgi formu, Risk Faktörlerini Tarama Listesi ve Aile Yılmazlık Ölçeği’ni cevaplamışlardır. Araştırmadan elde eden bulgular COVID-19 sürecine risk faktörleri ile giren gruplarla gruplarla risk faktörü bildirmeyen gruplar arasında aile dayanıklılığının anlamlı farklar gösterdiği yünündedir. Bu durum bir kez daha çözülmemiş meselelerle yeni bir bilinmezliğin içine girmenin dinamikleri daha da olumsuz etkilediğinin göstergesi olarak düşünülmektedir. Ailenin kendini iyileştirme gücünden yola çıkarak sosyal politikalar üretmek öncelikli mesele olmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Aile dayanıklılığı, risk faktörleri, Koronavirüs pandemisi, COVİD19

During the Coronavirus Pandemic Period Examining Family Resilience by Mothers Social Risk Factors

Family resilience is defined as family members successfully coping with difficulties and developing with warmth, support and harmony. This structure can be affected by the forces, resources and processes of the individuals that make up the family. Current studies emphasize many risk factors that affect and force family dynamics with the introduction of the coronavirus pandemic into our lives. The results of these studies suggest that although the origin of worldwide anxiety is one, different families have different coping styles. Starting from this point, the aim of this study, which is planned, is to determine how families protect their health in the coronavirus pandemic, which is over one year. 580 married mothers participated in the study. Participants answered the demographic information form, Risk Factors Checklist and Family Resilience Scale. The findings obtained from the study are that family resilience shows significant differences between groups that entered the COVID-19 process with risk factors and groups that did not report any risk factors. This situation is considered as an indication that entering into a new obscurity with unresolved issues affects the dynamics more negatively.

Keywords:

Family resilience, social risk factors, population at risk, COVID-19 Pandemics,

PDF

___

1. Behar‐Zusman, V., Chavez, J.V. ve Gattamorta, K. (2020). Developing a measure of the impact of COVID‐19 social distancing on household conflict and cohesion. Family Process, 59(3), 1045- 1059.
2. Benzies, K. ve Mychusiak, R. (2009). Fostering family resiliency: A review of keyprotective factors. Child & Family Social Work, 14, 103-114.
3. Black, K. ve Lobo, M. (2008). A conceptual review of family resilience factors. Journal of Family Nursing, 14(1), 33-55.
4. Chowdhury, S. M. ve Shahabuddin, M. A. (2007). Self-efficacy, motivation and their relationship to academic performance of Bangladesh College Students, College Quarterly, 10(1), 1-9.
5. Conger, R. D. ve Conger, K. J. (2002). Resilience in midwestern families: Selected findings from the first decade of a prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 361-373.
6. Costigan, C. L., Floyd, F. J., Harter, K. S. M. ve McClintock, J. C. (1997). Family process and adaptation to children with mental retardation: Disruption and resilience in family problem-solving interactions. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 515-529. 7. Decker, K. M., Thurston,I. B., Howell, K. H., Hasselle, A. J. ve Kamody, R. C. (2021). Associations between profiles of maternal strengths and positive parenting practices among mothers experiencing adversity. Parenting, 21(1), 1-23.
8. Duca, D. S. (2015). Family resilience and parental stress: the effects on marital relationship in the context of a child diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii» Alexandru Ioan Cuza «din Iaşi. Psihologie, (1), 71-90.
9. Duncan, G.J. , Boisjoly, J. ve Harris, K.M. ( 2001). Sibling, peer, neighbor, and schoolmate correlations as indicators of the importance of context for adolescent development. Demography, 38, 437-447.
10. Durak, E. Ş. ve Fışıloğlu, H. (2007), Film analizi yöntemi ile Virginia Satir Aile Terapisi Yaklaşımı’na bir bakış”, Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 10 (20), 43-62.
11. Düzce-Çakmak, M. (2017). Kronik rahatsızlıklarının hastaların aile işlevleri ve benlik algıları üzerine etkisi. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi.
12. Failla, S. ve Jones, L.C. (1991). Families of children with developmental disabilities: An examination of family hardiness. Research in Nursing and Health, 14, 41-50.
13. Glynn, L. M., Davis, E. P., Luby, J. L., Baram, T. Z. ve Sandman, C. A. (2021). A predictable home environment may protect child mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurobiology of Stress, 14, 100291.
14. Goodlett, B. D., Trentacosta, C. J., McLear, C., Crespo, L., Wheeler, R., Williams, A., Chaudhry, K. ve Smith-Darden, J. (2017). Maternal depressive symptoms and at-risk young children's internalizing problems: The moderating role of mothers' positivity. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 63(1), 77-104.
15. Gülaldı, D. (2010). Erken çocuklukta serebral palsi'li ve otistik çocuk annelerinin ebeveyn stres düzeylerinin yaşam doyumları ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Maltepe Üniversitesi.
16. Hoffman, L. W., ve Youngblade, L. M. (1998). Maternal employment, morale and parenting style: Social class comparisons. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19 (3), 389- 413.
17. Iwaniec, D. (1997). Evaluating parent training for emotionally-abusive and neglectful parents:Comparing individual versus individual group intervention. Research on Social Work Practice,7, 329-349.
18. Johnson, N. (2015). Maternal psychological maturity, parenting and toddler regulation. [Unpublished Doctorate Dissertations] Macquarie University.
19. Johnson, N. ve McMahon, C. (2008). Preschoolers' sleep behaviour: Associations with parental hardiness, sleep-related cognitions and bedtime interactions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 49 (7), 765-773.
20. Kaner, S. ve Bayraklı, H. (2010) Aile Yılmazlık Ölçeği: Geliştirilmesi, geçerliği ve güvenirliği, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 11 (2), 47-62.
21. Karal, E. ve Biçer, B. G. (2020). Salgın hastalık döneminde algılanan sosyal desteğin bireylerin psikolojik sağlamlığı üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (1), 129-156.
22. Kardum, I., Hudek-Knežević, J. ve Krapić, N. (2012). The structure of hardiness, its invariance across gender and relationships with personality traits and mental health outcomes. Psihologijske teme, 21(3), 487-507.
23. Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R. ve Puccetti, M. C. (1982). Personality and exercise as buffers in the stress illness relationship. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 5, 391-404. 24. Kuzucu, Y. (2006). Duyguları fark etmeye ve ifade etmeye yönelik bir psiko- eğitim programının, üniversite öğrencilerinin duygusal farkındalık düzeylerine, duyguları ifade etme eğilimlerine, psikolojik ve öznel iyi oluşlarına etkisi. [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
25. Kim, I., Dababnah, S. ve Lee, J. (2020). The influence of race and ethnicity on the relationship between family resilience and parenting stress in caregivers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(2), 650-658.
26. Leipold, B., Greve, W. (2009). Resilience: A conceptual bridge between coping and development. European Psychologist, 14 (1), 40-50.
27. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D. ve Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71 (3), 543-562.
28. Mackay, R. (2003). Family resilience and good child outcomes: An overview of the research literature. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 98-118.
29. Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience theory and research on children and families: Past, present, and promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1), 12-31.
30. McCubbin, H. I. ve McCubbin, M. A. (1988). Typologies of resilient families: Emerging roles of social class and ethnicity. Family relations, 247-254.
31. McCubbin, M. A. ve McCubbin, H. I. (1996). Resiliency in families: A conceptual model of family adjustment and adaptation in response to stress and crises. İçinde H. I. McCubbin, A. I. Thompson ve M. A. McCubbin (Edt.), Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation inventories for research and practice içinde (s. 1-64). University of Wisconsin Publishers.
32. Mullin, W. J. ve Arce, M. (2008). Resilience of families living in poverty. Journal of Family Social Work, 11(4), 424-440.
33. Ochsner, K. N. ve Gross, J. J. (2005). Cognitive emotion regulation insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience. Current Directions in Psychological Science April 2008
34. Orthner, D.K., Jones-Sanpei, H. ve Williamson, S. (2004). The resilience and strengths of lowincome families. Family Relations, 53, 159-167.
35. Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 349-360.
36. Plumb, J. C. (2011). The impact of social support and family resilience on parental stress in families with a child diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation] University of Pennsylvania.
37. Reger, M.A., Stanley, I.H. ve Joiner, T.E. (2020). Suicide mortality and coronavirus disease 2019- Perfect Storm? JAMA Psychiatry. 77(11), 1093–1094.
38. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcements. Psychology Monographs, 80, 1-28.
39. Santrock, J. W. (2012). Topical life span development. McGraw-Hill.
40. Satir, V. (2001). İnsan yaratmak: Aile terapisinin başyapıtı. S. Yeniçeri, (Çev.). Beyaz Yayınları.
41. Smith, E. (2017). The role of parental self-efficacy, hardiness, parenting stress in predicting parenting behaviors. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Southern.
42. Suzuki, K., Hiratani, M., Mizukoshi, N., Hayashi, T. ve Inagaki, M. (2018). Family resilience elements alleviate the relationship between maternal psychological distress and the severity of children’s developmental disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 83, 91-98.
43. Şahin, N. H., Basım, H. N. ve Çetin, F. (2009). Kişilerarası çatışma çözme yaklaşımlarında kendilik algısı ve kontrol odağı. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(2), 153-163.
44. Walsh, F. (2002). A family resilience framework: Innovative practice applications. Family Relations, 51(2), 130-137.
45. Walsh, F. (2016). Family resilience: A developmental systems framework. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13(3), 313-324.
46. Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and resilience in the time of COVID‐19: Meaning making, hope, and transcendence. Family Process, 59(3), 898-911.
47. Werner, E. E. (1996). Vulnerable but invincible: High risk children from birth to adulthood. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 5(1), 47-51.
48. Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S. ve Yang, N. (2020). The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor. e923549, 26.
49. Terzi, Ş. (2006). Kendini Toparlama Gücü Ölçeği’nin uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(26), 77- 86.
50. Thunstörm, L., Newbold, S., Finnoff, D. Ashworth, M. ve Shogren, J. (2020). The benefits and costs of using social distancing to flatten the curve for COVIS-19. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 11, 2, 179-195.