Veteriner hekimlikte karnitin (carnitine)

Carnitine (Karnitin) mitokondrilerde enerji üretiminde önemli bir rolü olan, karaciğer ve böbreklerde lizin ve metionin gibi amino asitlerden sentezlenen hayati öneme sahip bir maddedir. Karnitin Ko-faktör olarak yağ asitlerinin mitokondri zarlarından geçişini katalize eder. Karnitin olmaksızın aktif yağ asitleri mitokondrilere giremezler. Ayrıca carnitinin doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak bir çok biyokimyasal olaylara da katıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu derlemede karnitin hakkında detaylı bilgi verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

karnitin, genel bakış, veteriner hekimlik

Das carnitin in der veterinarmedizin

Das Carnitin ist eine lebenswichtige, natürliche Substanz, die aus den Aminosauren Lysin und Methionin in Leber und Nieren gebildet wird. im Körper spielt das Carnitin eine wichtige Rolle bei der Energieverwertung in den Mitochondrien. Ohne Carnitin können die aktivierten Fettsauren in die Mitochondrien nicht gelangen. Als Co-faktör katalisiert das Carnitin die Durchschleusung von Fettsauren durch die Mitochondrienmembran. Es ist zudem an zahlreichen weiteren biochemischen Prozessen direkt öder indirekt beteiligt.

Keywords:

carnitine, reviews, veterinary medicine,

PDF

___

1.Gulewitch VS, Krimberg R: Zur Kentniss der Extraktronsstoffe der Muskeln. 2. Mitt. über das Carnitin. Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 45, 326-330, 1905.
2.Tomita M, Sendju Y: Über die Oxyaminoverbindungen, welche die Biuretreaktion zeigen. III. Spaltung der Alpha-amino-Beta-oxybuttersaure in die optisch-aktiven Komponenten. Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 169, 263-277, 1927.
3.Carter H E, Bhattacharya P K, Weidman K R, Fraenkel, G: Chemical studies on vitamin BT-isolation and characterization as carnitine. Archs Biochem Biophys, 38, 405-416,1952.
4.Fritz IB: The effect of muscle extracts an the oxidation of palmitic acid by liver slices and homogenates. Acta Physiol Scand, 34, 367-385, 1955.
5.Klingenberg M, Bode C: Some aspects of the role of carnitine in fatty acid oxidation. In: Recent research on carnitine: its relation to lipid metabolism. Cambridge Mass, 1965.
6.Kopec B, Fritz IB: Comparison of properties of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I with those of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, and preparations of antibodies to carnitine palmitoyltransferases. J Biol Chem, 248,4069-4079, 1973.
7.Meier PJ: D-Carnitin, harmlos? In: Gitzelmann R, Baerlocher K, Steinmann B (Hrsg.): Carnitin in der Medizin. Schattauer, Stuttgart, New York 101-104,1987.
8.Harmeyer J, Schlumbohm C: Die physiologische Bedeutung von L-Carnitin und Effekte von Carnitinzulagen bei Haustieren. In: Proc. Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe in der Ernâhrung von Mensch und Tier. 6. Symposium, Jena/ Thüringen. 42-61, 1997.
9.Bremer J:Biosynthesis of carnitine in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta, 48,622-624, 1961.
10.Rebouche CJ, Engel AG: Tissue distribution of carnitine biosynthetic enzymes in man. Biochim Biophys Acta, 630, 22-29,1980.
11.Bremer J: Carnitine metabolism und functions. Physiol Rev, 63,1420-1480,1983.
12.Tao RC, Yoshimura N: Carnitine metabolism and its application in parenteral nutrition. J Parent Ent Nutr, 4, 469-488,1980.
13.Brooks DE: Carnitine in the male reproductive tract and its relation to the metabo-lism of the epididymis and spermatozoa. Proc Virginia Biochem Symp, 219-235, 1979.
14.Li BUK, Lloyd ML, Gudjonsson H, Shug AL, Olsen W A: The effect of enteraj carnitine administration in humans. Am J Clin Nutr, 55, 838-845, 1992.
15.Feller AG, Rudman D: Role of carnitine in human nutr. J Nutr, 118,541-547 1988.
16.Newton GL, Burtle GH: Carnitine iri food animal production. In: Carter AL: Current concepts in carnitine research. Boca Raton FL CRC Press Inc, 59-76,1992.
17.Gross CJ, Henderson LM: Absorption of d- and 1-carnitine by the intestine and kidney tubule in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta, 772, 209-219, 1984.
18.Me Garry ID, Foster DW: An improved and simplified radioisotopic assay for the determination of free and esterified carnitine. J Lipid Res, 17,277-282, 1976.
19.Neu H: Carnitin: Chemie, Funktion und klinische Bedeutung bei Herzerkrangungen (Kardiomyopathien) des Hundes eine Literaruriibersicht. Kleintierpraxisl, 197-200, 1995.
20.Engel AG, Rebouche CJ: Carnitine metabolism and inborne errors. J Inherited Metab Dis, 7, 38-43, 1983.
21.Scholte HR, Jonge PC: Metabolism, function and transport of carnitine in health and disease. In: Gitzelmann R, Baerlocher K, Steinmann B (Hrsg.): Carnitin in der Medizin. Schattauer, Stuttgart, New York, 21-59,1987.
22.Neumann G: Wirkung von L-Carnitin auf den Sportier. Lonza Folder Basel, 1995.
23.Erfle JD, Sauer FD, Fisher LJ: Interrelationships between milk carnitine and blood and milk components and tissue carnitine in normal and ketotic cows. J Dairy Sci, 57, 671-676,1974.
24.Snoswell AM, Henderson GD: Aspects of carnitine ester metabolism in sheep liver. Biochem J, 119, 59-67,1970.
25.Snoswell AM, Linzell JL: Carnitin secretion into milk of ruminants. J Dairy Sci, 42, 371-380, 1975.
26.Roos N, De Vrese M, Schulte-Coerne H, Barth CA: Carnitin in Milch von monozygoten Zwillingskiihen. Milchwirtschaftl Forsch her Kiel, 44, 363-370, 1992.
27.Mitchell ME: Carnitine metabolism in human subjects. I. Normal metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr, 31, 293-302, 1978.
28.Suzuki M, Kanaya M, Muramatsu S: Effects of carnitine administration, fasting and exercise on urinary carnitine excretion in man. J Nut. Sci Vitaminol, 22, 169-174, 1976.
29.Maebashi, M, Kawamura N, Sato M, Yoshinaga K, Suzuki M: Urinary excretion of carnitine in man. J Lab Clin Med, 87, 760-766, 1976.
30.Cederblad G, Lindstedt S: Excretion of L-carnitine in man. Clin Chim Acta, 33, 117-123, 1971.
31.Baumgartner M, Blum R:L-Carnitine. Carnitine- chemistry, biological function and deficiencies. Lonza Folder Basel, S 3-8,1996.
32.Seim H: Die ftiopathogenese von Carnitinmangelsyndromen. Carnitinforschungs - symposium am 20. 11. 1997 im Carl-Ludwig-Institut für Physiologie anlâşlich der 100. Wiederkehr des Geburtstages von Herr Prof. Dr. med. Erich Strack, Leipzig, 1997.
33.Jerusalem F, Engel A G, Sengupta Ch, Imbach P, Lâmmli J: Carnitin - Mangel - Myopathie. Episodische belastung sabhangige Myalgien und Schwache. Dtsch Med Wschr, 105, 469-473,1980.
34.Rudman D, Sewell EW, Ansley ID: Deficiency of carnitine in cachectic cirrhotic patients. J Çlin Invest, 60,716-723, 1977.
35.Fritz IB: Carnitine and its role in the fatty acid metabolism. Adv Lipid Res, 1, 258-334,1963.
36.Çitil M: Untersuchungen zır Carnitinkonzentration und zu weiteren biochemischen Parametern im Blutserum bei Milchkühen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Dislocatio abomasi urtd von Püerperalstörüngen. Vet Med Diss Leipzig, 1999. 37.Teufel Eva-Maria: Veflaufsuntersuchungen zu Serum Amyloid A, L-Çarnitin sowie ausgewahlten Stoffwechselpafametem bei.. hochleistenden Milchkühen im peripartalen Zeitraum. Vet.-Med. Diss. Leipzig, 1998.
38.Drackley JK, Beitz DC, Young JW: Regulation of in vitro palmitate oxidation in liver from dairy cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 74, 1884-1892, 1991.
39.Buonaecorsi A, Della Croce G: DL carnitine by oral treatment in bovine ketosis. Atti soc Ital Sci Vet, XXVII. 314-318, 1975.
40.Erfle JD, Fisher LJ, Sauer FD: Effect of infusion of carnitine on blood glucose, ketones, and free fatty acids of ketotic cows. J Dairy Sci, 54, 673-680, 1971.
41.Drackley JK, La Count DW: Carnitine and a nutritional supplement of dairy cows. Proc Dairy Seminar Lonza Inc, Fair Lawn, NJ, Premiere Agri Technologies, Inc, 1994.
42.Drackley JK, La Count DW: Carnitine supplementation to high-producing dairy cows. Progress Report August 2. Dpt. Anim Sci, Univ of Illinois, 1993.
43.Babai K, Mezes M: Investigation concerning the effect of 1-carnitine alone and with combination of niacin on the milk production and reproduction of high-lactating dairy cows. Sci Report Budapest-Gödöllö, 2-6, 1996.
44.Bonomini A, Lucchelli L, Quarantelli A, Sabbioni A, Superchi P: V impiego della DL-carnitina protetta neir alimentazione dele bovine da latte (contributo sperimentale). Rev Soc Italiana Sci Alimentazione, 19, 73-83, 1990.
45.Hill GM, Newton GL, Blum SA: Carnitine supplementation of feedlot heifer and steer diets. JNutr,l25,1117-1122, 1995.
46.Hausenblasz JM, PetriA, Mezes M: Effect of L-Carnitine on some metabolic parameters of foals. Allattenyesz. Takarmonyosaz (Hung.) 45, 397-403, 1996.
47.Iben Ch, Meinart S: Carnitin beim Masthuhn - Wirkung von L-und DL-Carnitin. Wien Tieraerztl Mschr, 84,228-232, 1997.
48.Lettner Z, Zolhtsch W, Halbmayer E: Einsatz von L-Carnitin im Hühnermastfutter. Bodenkultur, 43, 161-167, 1992.
49.Barker DL, SellJL: Dietary carnitine did not influence performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens and young turkeys fed low- or high-fat diets. Poultry Sci, 73, 281-287, 1994.
50.Rabie M H, Szilagyi M, Gippert T, GerendaiD: Influence of dietary L-Carnitine on performance and carcass quality of broiler chicken. Acta Biol Hung, 48, 241-252, 1997.
51.Leibetseder J: Untersuchungen iiber die Wirkungen von L-Carnitine beim Huhn. Arch Anim Nutr, 48, 97-108, 1995.
52.Benamou AE, Harris RC: Effect of Carnitine Supplement to the Dam on Plasma Carnitine Concentration in the Sucking Foal Equ Vet J, 25, 49-52, 1993.
53.Falaschini A, Trombetta MF: Impiego di diete contenenti olio di soia ed L-carnitina nel cavallo da trotto. Zoot Nut. Anim. 20,253-262,1994.