Hatice KAYA, MEHMET GÜL, ŞABAN ÇELEBİ, ADEM KAYA, BETÜL APAYDIN YILDIRIM, Muhlis MACİT

The effects of black tea factory waste supplementation into Laying hen diets on performance, egg quality, yolk peroxidation, and blood parameters

Bu çalışma fabrika siyah çay atığının (SÇFA), farklı seviyelerde yumurta tavuğu yemlerine ilavesinin performans, yumurta kalitesi, yumurta sarısı oksidasyonu ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, 24 haftalık yaşta 144 adet beyaz Lohmann yumurta tavuğu her grupta 24 hayvan olacak şekilde 6 gruba ayrılarak, ticari yumurta tavuğu yemine; %0 (Kontrol), %2, %4, %6, %8 ve %10 düzeylerinde fabrika siyah çay atığı ilave edilerek oluşturulan rasyonlarla 12 hafta süre ile beslenmişlerdir. Çalışmada, SÇFA’nın artan seviyesiyle birlikte, yem tüketimi, deneme sonu canlı ağırlığı, kabuk ağırlığı, kabuk kalınlığı, kırılma mukavemeti linear olarak azalmış, hasarlı yumurta oranı linear olarak artmıştır. Rasyona SÇFA ilavesinin haugh birimi ve ak indeksi üzerine kuadratik, yumurta verimi, yumurta ağırlığı ve yumurta sarı rengini üzerine kübik etkiye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna karşın, şekil indeksi ve sarı indeksi değerleri ise rasyona SÇFA ilavesinden etkilenmemiştir. 14 ve 28 gün depolanan yumurtaların MDA değerleri rasyona artan seviyede SÇFA ilavesiyle birlikte azalırken, 56 gün depolanan yumurtaların MDA değerleri etkilenmemiştir. Diyetsel muamelenin plazma kolesterolü, HDL ve aspartat aminotransferaz (AST) üzerine etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Artan SÇFA’nın seviyesiyle birlikte serum albumini ve toplam protein linear olarak artmış, trigliserid, alanine aminotransferaz (ALT) ve glukoz kuadratik, alkalin fosfataz (ALP) ise kübik olarak etkilenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar yumurtacı tavuk rasyonlarına %2 ve %4 düzeylerinde SÇFA ilavesinin performans, yumurta kalite kriterleri ve kan parametreleri üzerine olumsuz bir etki yapmaksızın antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, SÇFA’nın yüksek tannik asit içeriğinden dolayı rasyona %4’ten daha fazla seviyede ilavesi performans ve kalite kriterlerini olumsuz etkilemiştir.

Yumurtacı tavuk rasyonlarına siyah çay fabrika atığı ilavesinin performans, yumurta kalitesi, yumurta sarısında lipid peroksidasyonu ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkisi

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of supplementing laying hen diets with different percentages of black tea factory waste (BTFW), evaluating performance, egg quality, yolk oxidation, and blood parameters. Twenty-four-week-old Lohmann layers (n=144) were divided into six dietary treatment groups (24 hens each), which were fed standard commercial diets supplemented with 0% (control), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% BTFW for 12 weeks. In this study, increasing BTFW levels were associated with impaired linearly feed consumption, final body weight, shell strength, shell weight, shell thickness, and increased cracked egg yield. The results showed a quadratic effect on albumen index, haugh unit score, and a cubic effect on feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg weight, yolk color due to the BTFW supplementation into layer diets. Whereas, shape index and yolk index were not affected by BTFW. In response to increasing BTFW percentage, yolk MDA values were decreased following storage for 14 and 28 days, but not 56 days. Plasma cholesterol, HDL, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not influenced by BTFW. Increasing BTFW percentages led to linear increases in serum albumin and total protein, quadratic increases in triglyceride and alanine aminotransferase, and decreases in glucose (quadratic) and alkaline phosphatase (cubic). Results from present study showed that supplementing laying hen diets with 2% and 4% BTFW resulted in strong antioxidative activity without adverse effect on laying performance, quality characteristics, and blood parameters. In addition, more than 4% BTFW had deleterious effects on performance and egg quality traits, due to high tannic acid content.

PDF

___

1. Chacko SM, Thambi PT, Kuttan R, Nishigaki I: Beneficial effects of green tea: A literature review. Chin Med, 5 (13): 1-9, 2010.
2. Sharma VK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Sharma HK: Health benefits of tea consumption. Trop J Pharma Res, 6, 785-792, 2007.
3. Akram S, Amir RM, Nadeem M, Sattar MU, Faiz F: Antioxidant potential of black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) - A review. Pak J Food Sci, 22, 128-132, 2012.
4. Gramza A, Khokhar S, Yoko S, Gliszczynska-Swiglo A, Hes M, Korczak J: Antioxidant activity of tea extracts in lipids and correlation with polyphenol content. Eur Lipid Sci Technol, 108, 355-362, 2006.
5. Chaturvedula VSP, Prakash I: The aroma, taste, color and bioactive constituents of tea. J Med Plants Research, 5, 2110-2124, 2011.
6. Hara Y, Luo SJ, Wickremashinghe RL, Yamanishi T: VI, Biochemistry of processing black tea. Food Rev Int, 11, 457-471, 1995.
7. Horzic D, Komes D, Belscak A, Ganic KK, Ivekovic D, Karlovic D: The composition of polyphenols and methylxanthines in teas and herbal infusions. Food Chemist, 115, 441-448, 2009.
8. Kono M, Furukawa K, Sagesaka YM, Nakagawa K, Fujimoto K: Effect of green tea grounds as dietary supplements on cultured yellowtail and ayu. J Jpn Soc Food Sci, 47, 932-937, 2000.
9. Ishihara N, Chu DC, Akachiand S, Juneja LR: Improvement of intestinal microflora balance and prevention of digestive and respiratory organ diseases in calves by green tea extracts. Livest Prod Sci, 68, 217-229, 2001.
10. Kaneko K, Yamasakil K, Tagawa Y, Tokunaga M, Tobisa M, Furuse M: Effects of dietary japanese green tea powder on growth, meat ingredient and lipid accumulation in broilers. Jpn Poult Sci, 38, 77-85, 2001.
11. Cao BH, Karasawa Y, Guo YM: Effects of green tea polyphenols and fructooligosaccharides in semi-purified diets on broiler’s performance and caecal microflora and their metabolites. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 18, 85- 89, 2005.
12. Uuganbayar D, Bae IH, Choi KS, Shin IS, Firman JD, Yang CJ: Effects of green tea powder on laying performance and egg quality in laying hens. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 18, 1769-1774, 2005.
13. Xu Y, Zhan K, Zhao Y, Zhao R, Li J, Zhou J, Zhen Q, Tang Y: Effects of black tea powder on egg laying and reproductive performance of huainan spotted-yellow chicken. Chin Agr Sci Bull, 25, 19-21, 2009.
14. Zhang Z, Xu Y: Effects of black tea powder on performances and egg quality of laying hens. J Anhui Agr Sci, 24, 13113-13114, 2010.
15. Yosef TA, Al-Julaifi MZ, Kandeel M: The effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) probiotics on broilers exposed to lead-induced oxidative stress. J Am Sci, 8, 499-506, 2012.
16. Ko SY, Bae IH, Yee ST, Lee SS, Uuganbayar D, Oh IJ, Yang CJ: Comparison of the effect of green tea by-product and green tea probiotics on the growth performance, meat quality, and immune response of finishing pigs. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 21, 1486-1494, 2008.
17. Yang CJ, Yang IY, Oh DH, Bae IH, Cho SG, Kong IG, Uuganbayar D, Nou IS, Choi KS: Effect of green tea by-product on performance and body composition in broiler chicks. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 16, 867-872, 2003.
18. Esenbuga N, Macit M, Karaoglu M, Aksakal V, Yoruk MA, Gül M, Aksu Mİ, Bilgin ÖC: A study on possibility of Rosa canina seed use as feed ingredient in diets of Morkaraman male lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod, 43, 1379-1384, 2011.
19. Hossain E, Ko SY, Yang CJ: Dietary supplementation of green tea by- products on growth performance, meat quality, blood parameters and immunity in finishing pigs. J Med Plants Res, 6, 2458-2467, 2012.
20. Anonymous: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/VeriBilgi.do?alt_id=45. Accessed: 30.01.2013.
21. Çavdar AD, Kalaycioglu H, Mengeloglu F: Tea mill waste fibers filled thermoplastic composites: The effects of plastic type and fiber loading. J Reinforced Plastic Composit, 30, 833-844, 2011.
22. National Research Council: Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revised ed., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., 1994.
23. AOAC: Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. 1. 15th ed., Arlington, VA., 1990.
24. Goering HK, van Soest PJ: Forage Fiber Analyses (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures, and Some Applications). Agricultural Hand Book No. 379, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, pp.12-15, 1970.
25. Kondo M, Kita K, Yokota H: Ensiled or oven-dried green tea by- product as protein feedstuffs: Effects of tannin on nutritive value in goats. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 20 (6): 880-886, 2007.
26. Güneş A, Ataoğlu N, Esringu A, Uzun O, Ata S, Turan M: Yield and chemical composition of corn (Zea mays L.) as affected by boron management. Inter J Plant Anim Envir Sci, 1, 42-53, 2011.
27. Kaya A, Kaya H, Macit M, Çelebi Ş, Esenbuğa N, Yörük MA, Karaoğlu M: Effects of dietary ınclusion of plant extract mixture and copper into layer diets on egg yield and quality, yolk cholesterol and fatty acid composition. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 19 (4): 673-679, 2013. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2013.8644
28. Botsoglou N, Florou-Paneri P, Botsoglou E, Dotas V, Giannenas I, Koidis A, Mitrakos P: The effect of feeding rosemary, oregano, saffron and α-tocopheryl acetate on hen performance and oxidative stability of eggs. South Afr J Anim Sci, 35, 143-151, 2005.
29. Placer ZA, Cushman LL, Johnson BC: Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malonyldialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Anal Biochem, 16, 359-364, 1966.
30. SPSS: SPSS for Windows Release 10.0, SPSS Inc,1999.
31. Kojima S, Yoshida Y: Effects of green tea powder feed supplement on performance of hens in the late stage of laying. Int J Poult Sci, 7, 491- 496, 2008.
32. Yang CJ, Jung YC, Uuganbayar D: Effect of feeding diets containing green tea by-products on laying performance and egg quality in hens. Kor J Poult Sci, 30, 183-189, 2003.
33. Azeke MA, Ekpo KE: Egg yolk cholesterol lowering effects of garlic and tea. J Biol Sci, 8, 456-460, 2008.
34. Biswas Md AH, Miyazaki Y, Nomura K, Wakita M: Influences of long- term feeding of Japanese green tea powder on laying performance and egg quality in hens. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 13, 980-985, 2000.
35. İmik H, Hayirli A, Turgut L, Laçin E, Çelebi Ş, Koç F, Yıldız L: Effects of additives on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality of hens fed a high level of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) during the peak laying period. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19, 573-581, 2006.
36. Abdo ZMA, Hassan RA, El-Salam AA, Helmy SA: Effect of adding green tea and its aqueous extract as natural antıoxıdants to laying hen diet on productive, reproductive performance and egg quality during storage and its content of cholesterol. Egyp Poult Sci J, 30, 1121- 1149, 2010.
37. Uuganbayar D, Shin IS, Yang CJ: Comparative performance of hens fed diets containing korean, japanese and chinese green tea. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19, 1190-1196, 2006.
38. Lim KS, You SJ, An BK, Kang CW: Effects of dietary garlic powder and copper on cholesterol content and quality characteristics of chicken eggs. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19, 582-586, 2006.
39. Farhoosh R, Gholam GA, Khodaparast MHH: Antioxidant activity of various extracts of old tea leaves and black tea wastes (Camellia sinensis L.). Food Chem, 100, 231-236, 2007.
40. Ishikawa T, Suzukawa M, Ito T, Yoshida H, Ayaori M, Nishiwaki M, Yonemura A, Hara Y, Nakamura H: Effect of tea flavonoid supplementation on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. Am J Clin Nutr, 66, 261-266, 1997.
41. Şahin K, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Ali S, Şahin N, Hayirli A: Epigallocatechin- 3-gallate prevents lipid peroxidation and enhances antioxidant defense system via modulating hepatic nuclear transcription factors in heat- stressed quails. Poult Sci, 89, 2251-2258, 2010.
42. Leung LK, Su Y, Chen R, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Chen ZY: Theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants. J Nutr, 131, 2248-2251, 2001.
43. Ahmad I, Qureshi TA, Khan FA, Mughal SAK, Sadique U, Shah Z, Khan S, Hassan ZU: Evaluation of biochemical effects of diclofenac sodium in goats. The J Anim Plant Sci, 22 (2 Suppl.): 1-4, 2012.
44. O’Connor N, Dargan PI, Jones AL: Hepatocellular damage from non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Q J Med, 96, 787-791, 2003.
45. El-Deek AA, Al-Harthi MA: Responses of modern broiler chicks to stocking density, green tea, commercial multi enzymes and their interactions on productive performance, carcass characteristics, liver composition and plasma constituents. Int J Poult Sci, 3, 635-645, 2004.
46. Xu X, Hu Y, Xiao W, Huang J, He X, Wu J, Ryan EP, Weir TL: Effects of fermented Camilla sinensis, Fuzhuan tea, on egg cholesterol and production performance in laying hens. Herald J Agric Food Sci Res, 1, 6-10, 2012.
47. Frei B, Higdon JV: Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: Evidence from animal studies. J Nutr, 133, 3275-3284, 2003.
48. Stangl V, Lorenz M, Stangl K: The role of tea and tea flavonoids in cardiovascular health. Mol Nutr Food Res, 50, 218-228, 2006.
49. TSE: Hayvan yemleri-metabolik (çevrilebilir) enerji tayini (kimyasal metot). TSE No: 9610. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 1991.