Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis and Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in Iğdır province, Turkey
Bu çalışma ile Iğdır yöresinde sahipli 100 köpekten elde edilen serumlarda Snap 3dx kiti kullanılarak Dirofilaria immitis antijenine %40, Ehrlichia canis antikoruna %1 oranında rastlanmış, Borrelia burgdorferi antikoru ise saptanamamıştır. Köpeklerin 22si (22%) kenelerle enfeste bulunmuştur. Köpeklerden toplanan 42 adet kenenin 9unun dişi, 33ünün erkek olduğu görülmüştür. Kenelerin %76.2sinin (32/42) R. sanguineus ve %23.8inin (10/42) Rhipicephalus spp. türü olduğu belirlenmiştir. Iğdır yöresinde potansiyel vektörlerin (sivrisinek ve kene) yaygınlığı da göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, dirofilariosis ve ehrlichiosis vakalarıyla sıklıkla karşılaşılabileceği kanısına varılmıştır.
Iğdır yöresinde köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis ve Borrelia burgdorferinin seroprevalansının araştırılması
In this study, by using a Snap3dx test kit, 100 dogs sera were examined. Dirofilaria immitis infection was detected in 40 dogs (40%) and Ehrlichia canis antibodies were present in just 1 dog (1%), Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies were not detected in the test. Twenty-two of dogs (22%) are infested with ticks. A total of 42 ticks, 9 of female and 33 of male, were collected from dogs. Ticks collected from dogs were R. sanguineus 76.2% (32/42) and 23.8% of them (10/42) were Rhipicephalus spp. Considering the prevalence of potential vectors (mosquitoes and ticks), it is concluded that dirofilariosis and ehrlichiosis cases are often encountered in Iğdır province.
___
- 1. Solano-Gallego L, Llull J, Osso M, Hegarty B, Breitschwerdt E: A serological study of exposure to arthropod-borne pathogens in dogs from northeastern Spain. Vet Res, 37 (2): 231-244, 2006.
- 2. Güralp N: Helmintoloji, 2. Baskı, s.505-510, Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Yayınları, Ankara Üniv. Basımevi, Ankara, 1981.
- 3. Yıldırım A: Ankara ve çevresindeki köpeklerde filarial etkenlerin prevalansı. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniv. Sağlık Bil. Enst., 2003.
- 4. Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G: Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in Dog and Cat and Human Infections, 1st ed., p.39-209, Litografia Vigilante srl, Rolando Editore Via Nuova Poggioreale, Naples, Italy, 2007.
- 5. Umur Ş, Hökelek M: Filariasis, dirofilariasis, gnathostomiasis, gongylonemiasis, lagochilascoriasis. In, Doğanay M, Altıntaş N (Eds): Zoonozlar, Hayvanlardan İnsanlara Bulaşan Enfeksiyonlar. s.1025-1031, Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, Ankara, 2009.
- 6. Johnstone C: Parasites and parasitic diseases of domestic animals: Heartworm. http://cal.nbc.upenn.edu/merial/hrtworm/hw_top.htm, Accessed: 22.01.2010.
- 7. Jackson RF: History of heartworm disease. Calif Vet (Special Edition), 6-7, 1989.
- 8. Peribanez MA, Lucientes J, Arce S, Morales M, Castillo JA, Garci MJ: Histochemical differantiation of Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides microfilariae by staining with a commercial kit, Leucognost-SP®. Vet Parasitol, 102 (1-2): 173-175, 2001.
- 9. Taşçı GT: Kars yöresi köpeklerinde dirofilariosisin yaygınlığı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kafkas Üniv. Sağlık Bil. Enst., Kars, 2005.
- 10. Rishniw M, Barr SC, Simpson KW, Frongillo MF, Franz M, Alpizar JLD: Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polimerase chain reaction. Vet Parasitol, 135 (3-4): 303-314, 2006.
- 11. Montoya JA, Morales M, Ferrer O, Molina JM, Corbera JA: The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (1994-1996). Vet Parasitol, 75 (2-3): 221-226, 1998.
- 12. Rosa A, Ribicich M, Betti A, Kistermann JC, Cardillo N, Basso N, Hallu R: Prevalence of canine dirofilariosis in the city of Buenos Aires and its outskirts (Argentina). Vet Parasitol, 109 (3-4): 261-264, 2002.
- 13. Labarthe N, de Campos Pereira M, Barbarini O, Mckee W, Coimbra CA, Hoskins J: Serologic prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis and Borrelia burgdorferi infections in Brazil. Vet Ther, 4 (1): 67-75, 2003.
- 14. Song KH, Lee SE, Hayasaki M, Shiramizu K, Kim DH, Cho KW: Seroprevalence of canine dirofilariosis in South Korea. Vet Parasitol, 114 (3): 231-236, 2003.
- 15. Wu CC, Fan PC: Prevalence of canine dirofilariosis in Taiwan. J Helminthol, 77 (1): 83-88, 2003.
- 16. Garcez LM, de Souza NF, Mota EF, Dickson LAJ, Abreu WU, Cavalcanti VFN, Gomes PAF: Focus of canine heartworm disease in Marajo Island, North of Brazil: A risk factor for human health. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 39 (4): 333-336, 2006.
- 17. Carlos RS, Muniz Neta ES, Spagnol FH, Oliveira LL, de Brito RL, Albuguergue GR, Almosny NR: Frequency of antibodies anti-Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis antigens in dogs from microrregion Ilhéus-Itabuna, State of Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 16 (3): 117-120, 2007.
- 18. Davoust B, Normand T, Bourry O, Dang H, Leroy E, Bourdoiseau G: Epidemiological survey on gastro-intestinal and blood-borne helminths of dogs in north-east Gabon. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 75 (4): 359-364, 2008.
- 19. Hoff B, Mcewen B, Peregrine AS: A survey for infection with Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Babesia canis in feral and client-owned dogs in the Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies. Can Vet J, 49 (6): 593-594, 2008.
- 20. Pantchev N, Norden N, Lorentzen L, Rossi M, Rossi U, Brand B, Dyachenko V: Current surveys on the prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria spp. in dogs in Germany. Parasitol Res, 105 (1): 63-74, 2009.
- 21. Umur S, Arslan MO: Kars yöresi sokak köpeklerinde görülen helmint türlerinin yayılışı. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 22 (2): 188-193, 1998.
- 22. Ağaoğlu Z, Akgül Y, Ceylan E, Akkan H: Van yöresi köpeklerinde Dirofilaria immitisin yaygınlığı. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 11 (2): 41-43, 2000.
- 23. Balıkçı E, Sevgili M: Elazığ ve çevresindeki köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitisin seroprevalansı. Firat Üniv Sağ Bil Vet Derg, 19 (2): 103-106, 2005.
- 24. Köse K: Erzincan yöresindeki köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitisin prevalansı üzerine araştırmalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniv. Sağlık Bil. Enst., 2005.
- 25. Çakıroğlu D, Meral Y: Samsun bölgesinde köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitis enfestasyonu insidansı incelenmesi. JIVS, 2, 1-12, 2007.
- 26. Yalçın E, Şenlik B, Yılmaz Z, Alasonyalılar A, Akyol V: Bursadaki köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitisin prevalansı. JTVS, 13 (2): 23-27, 2007.
- 27. Yildirim A, Ica A, Atalay O, Duzlu O, Inci A: Prevalence and epidemiological aspects of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Kayseri province, Turkey. Res Vet Sci, 82 (3): 358-363, 2007.
- 28. Simsek S, Utuk AE, Koroglu E, Rishniw M: Serological and molecular studies on Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Turkey. J Helminthol, 82 (2): 181-186, 2008.
- 29. Yıldız K, Yasa Duru S, Yağcı BB, Öcal N, Gazyağcı AN: The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Kırıkkale. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 32 (3): 225-228, 2008.
- 30. Taşçı GT, Kılıç Y: Kars ve Iğdır civarındaki köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856)nin prevalansı ve potansiyel vektör sivrisinek türleri üzerine araştırmalar. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 18 (Suppl-A): A29-A34, 2012.
- 31. Lee Pyle R: Canine Ehrlichiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 177, 1197-1202, 1980.
- 32. Eng TR, Giles R: Ehrlichiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 194, 497-500, 1989.
- 33. Beall MJ, Chandrashekar R, Eberts MD, Cyr KE, Diniz PP, Mainville C, Hegarty BC, Crawford JM, Breitschwerdt EB: Serological and molecular prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia species in dogs from Minnesota. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 8 (4): 455-464, 2008.
- 34. Harrus S, Waner T: Diagnosis of canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis): An overview. Vet J, 187 (3): 292-296, 2011.
- 35. Magnerelli LA, Anderson JF: Serologic evidence of canine and equine ehrlichiosis in Northeastern United States. J Clin Microbiol, 31 (11): 2857-2860, 1993.
- 36. Rikihisa Y, Ewing SA, Fox JC, Siregar Pasaribu FH, Malole BM: Analyses of Ehrlichia canis and canine granulotic ehrlichia infection. J Clin Microbiol, 30 (1): 143-148, 1992.
- 37. Harrus S, Waner T, Bark H, Jongejan F, Cornelissen AWCA: Minireview. Recent advances in determining the pathogenesis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol, 37 (9): 2745-2749, 1999.
- 38. Warner T, Harrus S, Jongejan F, Bark H, Keysary A, Cornelissen AWCA: Significance of serological testing for ehrlichial diseases in dogs with special emphasis on the diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis. Vet Parasitol, 95 (1): 1-15, 2001.
- 39. Erdeğer J, Sancak A, Ataseven L: Köpeklerde Ehrlichia canisin Indirekt Fluoresan Antikor (IFA) Testi ve Dot-ELISA ile saptanması. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 27, 767-773, 2003.
- 40. Dodurka HT, Bakırel U: Bir köpekte Ehrlichiosis olgusu. İstanbul Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 28, 11-16, 2002.
- 41. Karagenç T, Hoşgör M, Bilgiç HB, Paşa S, Kirli G, Eren H: Ege bölgesinde köpeklerde E. canis, A. phagocytophila ve A. platysin prevalansının Nested PCR ile tespiti. XIV. Ulusal Parazitoloji Kongresi, 18-25 Eylül, İzmir, 2005.
- 42. ODwyer LH, Massard CL, Pereira De Souza JC: Hepatozoon canis infection associated with dog ticks of rural areas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol, 94 (3): 143-150, 2001.
- 43. Dagnone AS, de Morais HS, Jojima FS, Vidotto O: Ehrlichiosis in anemic, thrombocytopenic, or tickinfested dogs from a hospital population in south Brazil. Vet Parasitol, 117 (4): 285-90, 2003.
- 44. Alexandre N, Santos AS, Nuncio MS, Sousa R, Boinas F, Bacellar F: Detection of Ehrlichia canis by polymerase chain reaction in dogs from Portugal. Vet J, 181 (3): 343-344, 2009.
- 45. Abd Rani PAM, Irwin PJ, Coleman GT, Gatne M, Traub RJ: A survey of canine tick-borne diseases in India. Parasit Vectors, 4 (141): 1-8, 2011.
- 46. Carlos RS, Carvalho FS, Wenceslau AA, Almosny NR, Albuquerque GR: Risk factors and clinical disorders of canine ehrlichiosis in the South of Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 20 (3): 210-214, 2011.
- 47. Carrade D, Foley J, Sullivan M, Foley CW, Sykes JE: Spatial distribution of seroprevalence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Washington, Oregon, and California. Vet Clin Pathol, 40 (3): 293-302, 2011.
- 48. Villeneuve A, Goring J, Marcotte L, Overvelde S: Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, and Dirofilaria immitis among dogs in Canada. Can Vet J, 52 (5): 527-530, 2011.
- 49. Keskin O, İzgür M: Lyme Hastalığı. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg, 10, 79-91, 1999.
- 50. Jaderlund KH, Egenvall A, Bergstrom K, Hedhammar A: Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs with neurological signs. Vet Rec, 160 (24): 825-831, 2007.
- 51. Kurt C: Lyme (Borreliosis); Kopek ve insanlarda kene kaynakli bakteriyel bir hastalik. http://www.tavsiyeediyorum.com/makale_666.htm. Accessed: 07.03.2008
- 52. Appel MJG: Lyme disease in dogs and cats. Comp Cont Educ Prac Vet, 12, 617-620, 1990.
- 53. Gülanber EG, Gülanber A, Albayrak R, Gülanber NG, Polat E: Lyme Disease (Borreliosis) in a Saint Bernard dog: First clinical case in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 31 (5): 367-369, 2007.
- 54. Bhide M, Travnicek M, Curlik J, Stefancikova A: The importance of Lyme borreliosis in eco-epidemiology of dogs: A review. Vet Med, 49 (4): 135-142, 2004.
- 55. Joppert AM, Hagiwara MK, Yoshinari NH: Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in dogs from Cotia County, São Paulo State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo, 43 (5): 251-255, 2001.
- 56. Gary AT, Webb JA, Hegarty BC, Breitschwerdt EB: The low seroprevalence of tick-transmitted agents of disease in dogs from southern Ontario and Quebec. Can Vet J, 47 (12): 1194-1200, 2006.
- 57. Çalışır B, Polat E, Yücel A: Silivri ilçesinin bazı bölgelerindeki bir kısım evcil hayvanlardan toplanan kenelerin tür ayrımının yapılması ve Ixodes ricinuslarda Borrelia burgdorferinin araştırılması. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 21 (4): 379-382, 1997.
- 58. Polat E, Çalışır B, Yücel A, Tüzer E: Türkiyede Ixodes ricinuslardan ilk defa ayrılan ve üretilen iki Borrelia kökeni. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 22 (2): 167-173, 1998.
- 59. Baumgarten BU, Rollinghoff M, Bogdan C: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichiae in Ixodes ricinus ticks from Southern Germany. J Clin Microbiol, 37 (11): 3448-3451, 1999.
- 60. Güneş T, Kaya S, Poyraz O, Engin A: The prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks in the Sinop region of Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 31 (3): 153-158, 2007.
- 61. Bhide M, Yilmaz Z, Golcu E, Torun S, Mikula I: Seroprevalence of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in dogs and horses in Turkey. Ann Agric Environ Med, 15 (1): 85-90, 2008.
- 62. Aldemir A, Demirci B, Kırpık MA, Alten B, Baysal A: Species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iğdır plain, Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 15 (1): 103-110, 2009.
- 63. Özdamar K: SPSS ile Biyoistatistik. 4. Baskı, Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir, 2001.