NURTEN ÖZSOY, Alper OKYAR, BAHRİYE PELİN ARDA PİRİNÇÇİ, Ayşe CAN, Şehnaz BOLKENT, NURİYE AKEV

Evaluation of smilax excelsa L. use in experimentally induced nephrotoxicity

Bu çalışmada Smilax excelsa L.nın genç sürgün ve yapraklarının sulu ekstresinin sıçanlarda karbon tetraklorür (CCl4) ile deneysel olarak oluşturulmuş böbrek hasarına olan etkisi ve antioksidan savunma sistemindeki değişiklikleri incelendi. Wistar albino dişi sıçanlara, 9 gün süre ile, S. excelsa extresinin 100, 200 ve 400 mg/kg dozunda oral olarak uygulanmasının ardından, 10. gününde CCl4ün %20lik zeytin yağındaki solüsyonunun 1ml/kg intraperitoneal verilmesiyle böbrek harabiyeti oluşturuldu. CCl4 uygulanmasından 24 saat sonra, sıçanlar anestezi altında öldürüldü, ardından serum ve böbrek dokusunda biyokimyasal ve histopatolojik analizler yapıldı. CCl4 grubunda bozulan tüm değerlerin, ekstrenin verilmesiyle doza bağlı olarak düzeldiği ve 400 mg/kg dozunda aşağı yukarı normal Kontrol grubu değerlerine ulaştığı gözlemlendi. Buna karşın, ekstre CCl4 ile oluşturulan, böbrek dokusunda mikroskobik olarak gözlenen dejeneratif değişiklikleri tam olarak iyileştirmedi. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, S. excelsanın sıçanlarda böbrek dokusunu CCl4 ile oluşturulan hasardan koruduğu ve bu etkisini organizmanın antioksidan savunma sistemlerini arttırarak gösterdiği ileri sürülebilir.

Deneysel olarak oluşturulmuş böbrek hasarı üzerine smilax excelsa L. kullanımının değerlendirilmesi

The protective effect of an aqueous extract of the shoots and leaves of Smilax excelsa L. against acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity and the changes in antioxidative defense activities in kidney of rats were investigated. Female Wistar rats were supplied with S. excelsa shoots and leaves aqueous extract once a day for 9 days (orally at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight) prior to renal injury induction through intraperitoneal injection with a single dose of CCl4 (1 ml/kg body wt, in a 20 % v/v olive oil solution) on the 10th day. 24 h after CCl4 intoxication serum and tissue biochemical and hispathological analyses were undertaken after sacrification under anesthesia. Administration of the extract reversed the antioxidant parameters which were impaired in CCl4 group, in a dose dependent manner and at a dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight the levels of almost all the parameters were almost back to normal Control group. Nevertheless, the extract did not completely improve the CCl4-induced degenerative changes observed microscopically in kidney tissue. The results of this study suggest that S. excelsa could protect the kidney tissue against CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, probably by increasing antioxidative defense activities.

PDF

___

1. Ivanova A, Mikhova B, Kostova I, Evstatieva L: Bioactive chemical constituents from Smilax excelsa. Chem Nat Compd, 46, 295-297, 2010.
2. Li YL, Gan GP, Zhang HZ, Wu HZ, Li CL, Huang YP, Liu YW, Liu JW: A flavonoid glycoside isolated from Smilax china L. rhizome in vitro anticancer effects on human cancer cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol, 113, 115-124, 2007.
3. Wu LS, Wang XJ, Wang H, Yang HW, Jia AQ, Ding Q: Cytotoxic polyphenols against breast tumor cell in Smilax china L. J Ethnopharmacol, 130, 460-464, 2010.
4. Vijayalakshmi A, Ravichandiran V, Anbu J, Velraj M, Jayakumari S: Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of the rhizome of Smilax china Linn. in mice. Indian J Pharmacol, 43, 27-30, 2011.
5. Reanmongkol W, Itharat A, Bouking P: Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of the extracts from Smilax corbularia Kunth rhizomes in mice and rats (in vivo). Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 29 (Suppl. 1): 59-67, 2007.
6. Shu XS, Gao ZH, Yang XL: Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of Smilax china L. aqueous extract. J Ethopharmacol, 103, 327- 332, 2006.
7. Khan I, Nisar M, Ebad F, Nadeem S, Saeed M, Khan H, Samiullah Khuda F, Karim N, Ahmad Z: Anti-inflammatory activities of Sieboldogenin from Smilax china Linn.: Experimental and computational studies. J Ethopharmacol, 121, 175-177, 2009.
8. Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, Ageel AM, Al-Yahya MA, Tariq M: Hepato-protective and safety evaluation studies on Sarsaparilla. Int J Pharmacogn, 29, 296-301, 1991.
9. Chen T, Li J, Cao J, Xu Q, Komatsu K, Namba T: A new flavanone isolated from rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and the structural requirements of its derivatives for preventing immunological hepatocyte damage. Planta Med, 65, 56-59, 1999.
10. Mandal SC, Jana GK, Das S, Sahu R, Venkidesh R, Dewanjee S: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Smilax chinensis L. root. Pharmacologyonline, 2, 529-535, 2008.
11. Chen L, Yin H, Lan Z, Ma S, Zhang C, Yang Z, Li P, Lin B: Anti-hyper- uricemic and nephroprotective effects of Smilax china L. J Ethnopharmacol, 135, 399-405, 2011.
12. Chen T, Li JX, Xu Q: Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Smilax glabra. Phytochemistry, 53, 1051-1055, 2000.
13. Longo L, Vasapollo G: Extraction and identification of anthocyanins from Smilax aspera L. berries. Food Chem, 94, 226-231, 2006.
14. Chen L, Yin Y, Yi H, Xu Q, Chen T: Simultaneous quantification of five major bioactive flavonoids in Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 43, 1715-1720, 2007.
15. Bernardo RR, Pinto AV, Parente JP: Steroidal saponins from Smilax officinalis. Phytochemistry, 43, 465-469, 1996.
16. Ivanova A, Serly J, Dinchev D, Ocsovszki I, Kostova I, Molnar J: Screening of some saponins and phenolic components of Tribulus terrestris and Smilax excelsa as MDR modulators. In Vivo, 23, 545550, 2009.
17. Lee SE, Ju EM, Kim JH: Free radical scavenging and antioxidant enzyme fortifying activities of extracts from Smilax china root. Exp Mol Med, 33, 263-268, 2001.
18. Cox SD, Jayasinghe KC, Markham JL: Antioxidant activity in Australian native sarsaparilla (Smilax glyciphylla). J Ethnopharmacol, 101, 162-168, 2005.
19. Ivanova A, Marinova E, Toneva A, Kostova I, Yanishlieva N: Antioxidant properties of Smilax excelsa. La Rivista Italiana Della Sostanze Grasse, 83, 124-128, 2006.
20. Baytop T: Türkiyede Bitkiler ile Tedavi. Pp. 367-368, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No. 3255-Eczacılık Fakültesi No. 40, İstanbul, 1984.
21. Özbucak TB, Ergen Akçin Ö, Yalçın S: Nutrition contents of the some wild edible plants in Central Black Sea region of Turkey. IJNES, 1, 11-13, 2007.
22. Yeşilada E, Sezik E, Honda G, Takaishi Y, Takeda Y, Tanaka T: Traditional medicine in Turkey IX: Folk medicine in north-west Anatolia. J Ethnopharmacol, 64, 195-210, 1999.
23. Ozsoy N, Can A, Yanardag R, Akev N: Antioxidant activity of Smilax excelsa L. leaf extracts. Food Chem, 110, 571-583, 2008.
24. Bonsness RW, Taussky HH: On the colorimetric determination of creatinine by the Jaffe reaction. J Biol Chem, 158, 581, 1945.
25. Barker SB: The direct colorimetric determination of urea in blood and urine. J Biol Chem, 152, 453, 1944.
26. Gan KN, Smolen A, Eckerson HW, La Du BN: Purification of human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase. Evidence for one esterase catalyzing both activities. Drug Metab Dispos, 19, 100-106, 1991.
27. Aebi H: Catalase in vitro. Method Enzymol, 105, 121-126, 1984.
28. Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Hoey BM, Butler J: The antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: Its reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid. Free Radic Biol Med, 6, 593-597, 1989.
29. Lawrence RA, Burk RF: Glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-deficient rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 71, 952-958, 1976.
30. Carlberg I, Mannervik B: Glutathione reductase. Methods Enzymol, 113, 484-490, 1985.
31. Habig WH, Jakoby WB: Assays for differentation of glutathione-S-transferases. Methods Enzymol, 77, 398-405, 1981.
32. Hillegass LM, Griswold DE, Brickson B, Albrightson-Winslow C: Assessment of myeloperoxidase activity in whole rat kidney. J Pharmacol Methods, 24, 285-295, 1990.
33. Buege JA, Aust SD: Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol, 52, 302-310, 1978.
34. Anderson ME: Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in biological samples. Methods Enzymol, 113, 548-555, 1985.
35. Reznick AZ, Packer L: Oxidative damage to proteins: Spectro-photometric method for carbonyl assay. Methods Enzymol, 233, 357-363, 1994.
36. Verpoorte JA, Mehta S, Edsall JT: Esterase activities of human carbonic anhydrases B and C. J Biol Chem, 242, 4221-4229, 1967.
37. Seo HK, Lee JH, Kim HS, Lee CK, Lee SC: Antioxidant and anti-microbial activities of Smilax china L. leaf extracts. Food Sci Biotechnol, 21, 1723-1727, 2012.
38. Chen L, Yin H, Lan Z, Ma S, Zhang C, Yang Z, Li P, Lin B: Anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects of Smilax china L. J Ethnopharmacol, 135, 399-405, 2011.
39. Mohana Lakshmi S, Usha Kiran Reddy T, Sandhya Rani KS: A review on medicinal plants for nephroprotective activity. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 5, 8-14, 2012.
40. Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC: Aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna prevents carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic and renal disorders. BMC Compl. Alternative Med, 6, 33-42, 2006.
41. Tirkey N, Pilkhwal S, Kuhad A, Chopra K: Hesperidin, a citrus bioflavonoid, decreases the oxidative stress produced by carbon tetrachloride in rat liver and kidney. BMC Pharmacology, 5, 2-10, 2005.
42. Jaramillo-Juárez F, Rodríguez-Vázquez ML, Rincón-Sánchez AR, Martínez MC, Ortiz GG, Llamas J, Posadas FA, Reyes JL: Acute renal failure induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats with hepatic cirrhosis. Ann Hepatol, 7, 331-338, 2008.
43. El Denshary ES, Al-Gahazali MA, Mannaa FA, Salem HA, Hassan NS, Abdel-Wahhab MA: Dietary honey and ginseng protect against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatonephrotoxicity in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 64, 753-760, 2012.
44. Turunc V, Kontas Aşkar T: The determination of oxidative stress by paraoxonase activity, heat shock protein and lipid profile levels in cattle with theileriosis. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 18, 647-651, 2012.
45. Fuhrman B, Aviram M: Flavonoids protect LDL from oxidation and attenuate atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol, 12, 41-48, 2001.
46. Kothari N, Keshari RS, Bogra J, Kohli M, Abbas H, Malik A, Dikshit M, Barthwal MK: Increased myeloperoxidase enzyme activity in plasma is an indicator of inflammation and onset of sepsis. J Crit Care, 26, 435.e1-e7, 2011.
47. Tsumbu CN, Deby-Dupont G, Tits M, Angenot L, Frederich M, Kohnen S, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Serteyn D, Franck T: Polyphenol content and modulatory activities of some tropical dietary plant extracts on the oxidant activities of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase. Int J Mol Sci, 13, 628-650, 2012.
48. Dodgson SJ, Contino LC: Rat kidney mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase. Arch Biochem Biophys, 260, 334-341, 1988.
49. Räisänen SR, Lehenkari P, Tasanen M, Rahkila P, Härkönen PL, Väänänen HK: Carbonic anhydrase III protects cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. FASEB J, 13, 513-522, 1999.
50. Bozukluhan K, Atakisi E, Atakisi O: Nitric oxide levels, total anti-oxidant and oxidant capacity in cattle with foot-and-mouth-disease. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 19, 179-181, 2013.
51. Pekmezci D, Çenesiz S, Çakıroğlu D, Çiftci G, Çıra A, Gökalp G: Status of lipid peroxidation, cell destruction and the antioxidant capacity in foals with lower respiratory tract disease. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 18, 157-160, 2012.
52. Bozkurt Y, Fırat U, Atar M, Sancaktutar AA, Pembegul N, Soylemez H, Yuksel H, Alp H, Bodakci MN, Hatipoglu NK, Buyukbas S: The protective effect of ellagic acid against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 18, 823-828, 2012.