Seasonal activity of tick infestation in goats and bufalo of Punjab Province (District Sargodha), Pakistan

Bu çalışmanın amacı Pakistanın Sargodha Bölgesi Punjab Eyaletinde keçi ve yaban sığırlarında kene enfestasyonunun prevalansını belirlemektir. Kene prevalansını tespit etmek amacıyla toplam Her birinden 1200er yaban sığırı ve keçi Ekim 2012 ile Eylül 2013 yılları arasında incelendi. Yaban sığırlarında kene enfestasyonu %84.33 (1012/1200). Keneler toplandı ve tanımlandı. Yaban sığırlarında en yüksek prevalans Hyalomma aegyptium (%37.91) iken bunu sırasıyla Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (%22.59), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (%17,15), Hyalomma marginatum (%9.45), Hyalomma anatolicum (%9.03) ve Rhipicephalus sanquineus (%3.84) takip etti. Türlere göre prevalans Chenab (%84.59), Ravi (%79.10) ve Hibrit (%91.66) olarak tespit edildi. Cinsiyete göre prevalans erkeklerde %87.71, dişilerde %83.53 olarak saptandı. Yaş gruplarına göre yaban sığrlarında enfestasyon oranları 1-4 yaş arası %85.48, 4-8 yaş arası %86.02 ve 8 yaş üzeri olanlarda %66.66 olarak bulundu. Otlama şekillerine göre prevalans yoğun otlatılanlarda %85.28, seyrek otlatılanlarda %86.41 ve her iki şekilde birden olanlarda %81.94 olarak tespit edildi. Keçilerde kene enfestasyonu %86.50 (1038/1200) olarak belirlendi. Kene prevalansları türlere göre sırasıyla %31.56 Hyalomma anatolicum, %25.95 Rhipicephalus spp., %21.07, Haemophysalis spp., %15.46 Ixodes spp. ve %5.93 Ambylomma spp. olarak tespit edildi. Keçi türlerine göre %91.12 Desi, %90.97 Taidi, %91.78 Lail Poori ve %66,66 Hibrit olarak belirlendi. Cinsiyete göre prevalans erkeklerde %79.16 dişilerde %88.81 olarak saptandı. Yaş gruplarına göre keçilerde enfestasyon oranları 1-4 yaş arası %86.17, 4-8 yaş arası %91.66 olarak bulundu. Otlama şekillerine göre prevalans yoğun otlatılan keçilerde %86.71, seyrek otlatılanlarda %85.97 ve her iki şekilde birden olanlarda %87.12 olarak tespit edildi. Bu çalışma Pakistanın Sargodha bölgesinde epidemiyolojik faktörlerin yaban sığırı ve keçilerde kene enfestasyonunun prevalansına önemli etkileri olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu taramanın sonuçları kenelerin Ocak ayı hariç tüm yıl boyunca özellikle de Hazirandan Ağustas ayına kadar oldukça aktif olduklarını ortaya koymuştur. Pakistanın diğer endemik bölgelerinde kenelerin eradikasyon ve kontrolüne yönelik planlamalar yapılmasının yaralı olacığa görüşündeyiz.

Pakistanın Sargodha bölgesi Pencab Eyaletinde keçi ve yaban sığırlarında kene enfestasyonunun mevsimsel aktivitesi

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of tick infestation in bufalo and goats of Punjab Province (District Sargodha), Pakistan. There were a total of twelve hundred bufalo and goats examined from October 2012 to September 2013 to determine the prevalence of ticks infestation. The results showed that the prevalence of tick infestation in bufalo was 84.33% (1012/1200). The ticks were collected and identified. In bufalo, the higher prevalence rate was Hyalomma aegyptium (37.91%) followed by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (22.59%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (17.15%), Hyalomma marginatum (9.45%), H yalomma anatolicum (9.03%) and Rhipicephalus sanquineus (3.84%) respectively. The breed wise prevalence was in Chenab breed (84.59%), Ravi breed (79.10%) and Hybrid breed (91.66%) respectively. The sex wise prevalence was in male (87.71%) and in female (83.53%). The prevalence based on age showed that the rate of infestation in bufalo having age group (1-4 year) was 85.48%, (4-8 year) was 86.02% and (>8 year) was 66.66%, respectively. The prevalence based on grazing pattern showed that rate of infestation in intensive grazing 85.28%, extensive grazing 86.41% and both (intensive and extensive) was 81.94%.While in case of goats the tick infestation was 86.50% (1038/1200). In goats, the higher prevalence was Hyalomma anatolicum (31.56%), Rhipicephalus spp. (25.95%), Haemophysalis spp. (21.07%), Ixodes spp. (15.46%), and Ambylomma spp. (5.93%) respectively. The breed wise prevalence was in Desi breed (91.12%), Taidi breed (90.97%), Lail Poori breed (91.78%) and Hybrid breed (66.66%) respectively. The sex wise prevalence was in male (79.16%) and in female (88.81%). The prevalence based on age showed that the rate of infestation in goats having age group (1-4 year) was 86.17%, (4-8 year) was 91.66%, respectively. The prevalence based on grazing pattern showed that rate of infestation in intensive grazing 86.71%, extensive grazing 85.97% and both (intensive grazing and extensive grazing) was 87.12%.The present study showed that these epidemiological factors have a significant efect on the prevalence of tick infestation in bufalo and goats of Sargodha district, Pakistan. The results of this survey showed that the ticks are active throughout the year except January but highly active from June to August. It would be very helpful in devising the future strategies towards the eradication and control of ticks in other endemic areas of Pakistan.

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