RAPD tekniği ve biyokimya alanında kullanımı

Günümüzde, moleküler genetik teknikler sayesinde genomun biyokimyasal yapısı ve gösterdiği polimorfizm ortaya konabilmektedir. Genetik polimorfizmi araştıran tekniklerden biri olan RAPD, araştırılan genom hakkında herhangi bir ön dizilim bilgisine ihtiyaç göstermeden, yüksek oranda polimorfik bant verimi ve düşük maliyetiyle PCR metoduna dayalı diğer DNA parmak izi teknikleri arasında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu derlemede; RAPD tekniğinin temel prensibi, mekanizması ve biyokimya alanında kullanımı hakkında bilgi sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

genetik polimorfizm, DNA parmakizi, rastgele çoğaltılmış polimorfik DNA, moleküler genetik, genom, genom analizleri

RAPD technique and it' s usage in the biochemistry

Recently by means of molecular genetic technics the biochemical structure and polymorphism of the genome can be put forward. RAPD which is a molecular biologic technique that investigates genetic polymorphism reserves an important place among other DNA fingerprint technics since it has a high proportion of polymorphic band profile and a low cost and doesn't feel the need for prior knowledge of the genome under investigation. This review gives information about basic principle, mechanism and biochemical usage of the RAPD technique.

Keywords:

genetic polymorphism, DNA fingerprinting, random amplified polymorphic DNA, molecular genetics, genomes, genome analysis,

PDF

___

Cushwa WT, Medrano JF: Applications of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for genetic analysis of livestock species. Anim Biotechnol, 7(1): 11-31, 1996.
Beuzen ND, Stear MJ, Chang KC: Molecular markers and their use in animal breeding. Vet J, 160,42-52, 2000.
Rincon G, D'Angelo M, Gagliardi R, Kelly L, Llambi S, Postiglioni A: Genomic polymorphism in Uruguayan Creole cattle using RAPD and microsatellite markers.1Res Vet Sci, 69: 171-174,2000.
Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey ŞV: DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res, 18(22): 6531- 6535,1990.
Bowditch B.M, Albright DG, Williams JGK, Braun MJ: Use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers in comparative genome studies. Methods Enzymol, 224, 294- 309,1993.
Clark AG, Lanigan CMS: Prospects for estimating nucleotide divergence withRAPDs. MolBiolEvol, 10,1096-1111,1993.
Borowsky RL, Me Clelland M, Cheng R, Welsh J: Arbitrarily primed DNA fingerprinting for phylogenetic reconstruction in vertebrates: The Xiphophorus model. Mo I BiolEvol, 12(6): 1022-1032. 1995.
Morgan UM, Constantine CC, Greene WK, Thompson RC: RAPD analysis of Giardia DNA and correlation with isoenzyme data. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 87(6): 702-705, 1993.
Rothuizen J, Van Wolferen M: Randomly amplified DNA polymorphism in dogs are reproducible and display Mandelian transmission. Anim Genet, 25, 13-18, 1994.
Scott MP, Haymes KM, Williams SM: Parentage analysis using RAPD PCR. Nucleic Acids Res, 20, 5493, 1992.
Gwakisa PS, Kemp SJ, Teale AJ: Characterization of Zebu cattle breeds in Tanzania using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Anim Genet, 25, 89-94, 1994.
Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ: PCR Strategies. Academic Press, 39-67, San Diego. 1995.
Tanksley SD, Young ND, Paterson AH, Bonierbale MW: RFLP mapping in plant breeding: new tools for an old science. Bio/Technol, 7, 257-264, 1989.
Asakura N, Nakamura C, Ohtsuka I: RAPD markers linked to the nuclear gene from Triticum timopheevi that confers compatibility with Aegilops squarrosa cytoplasm on alloplasmic durum wheat. Genome, 40, 201-210, 1997.
Hoelzel AR: Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, 229-235, Oxford. 1998.
Güneren G: Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu ile Rasgele Çoğaltılmış Polimorfik DNA Parmak izi Yöntemi'nin (RAPD- PCR) Türkiye Yerli Sığır Irklarında Uygulanma Olanakları. Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniv Sağlık Bil Enst, 1999.
Kantanen J, Vilkki J, Elo K, Mâki-Tanila A: Random amplified polymorphic DNA in cattle and sheep: Application for detecting genetic variation. Anim Genet, 26, 315-320, 1995.
Appa Rao KBC, Bhat KV, Totey SM: Detection of species- specific genetic markers in farm animals through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genet Anal: Biomol Eng, 13,135-138, 1996.
Dieffenbach CW, Dveksler GS: PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1-287, New York. 1995.
Barendse W, Armitage SM, Kossarek LM, Shalom A, Kirkpatrick BW, Ryan AM, Clayton D, Li L, Neibergs HL, Zhang N: A genetic linkage map of the bovine genome. Nature Genetics, 6, 227-235,1994.
Levin I, Crittenden LB, Dodgson JB: Genetic map of the chicken Z chromosome using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Genomics,16,224-230, 1993.
Cushwa WT, Dodds KG, Crawford AM, Medrano JF: Identification and genetic mapping of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to the sheep genome.Mamm Genome, 7(8):580-585,1996.
Dietrich WF, Miller JC, Steen RG, Merchant M, Damron D, Nahf R, Gross A, Joyce DC, Wessel M, Dredge RD: A genetic map of the mouse with 4,006 simple sequence length polymorphisms. Nature Genetics 1, 220-245, 1994.
Gyapay G, Morissette J, Vignal A, Dib C, Fizames C, Millasseau p, Marc S, Bernardi G, Lathrop M, Weissenbach J: The 1993-94 Genethon human genetic linkage map. Nat Genet, 7(2): 246-339,1994.
Levin I, Santangelo L, Cheng H, Crittenden LB, Dodgson JB: An autosomal genetic linkage map of the chicken. / Heredity, 85,79-85, 1994.
Devrim AK, Kaya N: An investigation on DNA polymorphism of the cattle breeds in the province of Kars by RAPD-PCR technique. Revue Med Vet, 157(2): 88-91, 2006.
Antoniou E, Urdaci M, Skidmore C: Isolation of bovine Y specific markers by RAPD. Proc. 5th World Congress, Genet Appl Livestock Prod, 21:117-119,1994.
Sharma D, Appa Rao KBC, Totey SM: Measurement of within and between population genetic variability in quails. Bri Poult Sci, 41, 29-32, 2000.
Griffiths R, Tiwari B: The isolation of molecular genetic markers for the identification sex. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 90, 8324-8326, 1993.
Wardell B, Sudweeks J, Meeker N, Estes S, Woodward S, Teuscher C: The identification of Y chromosome-linked markers with random sequence oligonucleotide primers. Mamm Genome, 4, 109-112, 1993.
Cushwa WT, Medrano JF: Identification of RAPD genetic markers in sheep. Proc. 5th World Congress Genet Appl Livestock Prod, 21, 133-136, 1994.
Calvo JH, Zaragoza P, Osta R: Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints for identification of species in poultry pâte. Poult Sci, 80,522-524, 2001.