Khelaf SAIDANI, Ceferino SANDEZ LOPEZ, Pablo DIAZ FERNANDEZ, María Patrocinio MORRONDO-PELAYO, Pablo DIEZ-BANOS, Ahmed BENAKHLA, Rosario PANADERO FONTAN

Effect of Climate on the Epidemiology of Bovine Hypodermosis in Algeria

Sığırlarlarda warble sineği (büvelek) istilası üzerine iklimin etkisini ortaya koymak amacıyla, Kuzey Cezayir'in 4 bölgesinden toplam 1.635 hayvan görsel ve el palpasyonuyla büveleklerin varlığı yönünden muayene edildi. Sığırlar büveleklerin ortaya çıkışının zirve (pik) yaptığı Haziran-Mart 2014 arası incelenerek, hem prevalans hem de enfestasyon yoğunluğu kaydedildi. Bu çalışma kapsamındaki bölgeler, Kuzey Cezayir'de iki farklı iklim alanında yer aldı: nemli (Bejaia ve Tizi Ouzou) ve yarı-kurak (Tissemssilt ve Ain Defla). Tüm prevalans %28.75 idi; hayvan başına istila yoğunluğu ise 1 - 98 büvelek arasında değişti (ortalama 18.93±11.05). Yarı-kurak iklime sahip bölgelerdeki yaygınlık ve istila yoğunluğu (%38.23; 21.57±11.98) nemli iklime sahip olanlara göre anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulundu (%20.74; 14.84±7.86). CHAID algoritması, büvelek sineği prevalansını etkileyen başlıca faktörün iklim olduğunu, diğerlerinin ise yetiştirme sistemi ve ırk olduğunu gösterdi. Lojistik regresyon ve çok değişkenli ANOVA, iklime ek olarak, diğer iç (yaş, cinsiyet, ırk) ve çalışma kapsamındaki dış faktörlerin (yetiştiricilik sistemi, tedavi) hem yaygınlık hem de istila yoğunluğu ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Bizim sonuçlarımız; Kuzey Cezayir çevre koşulları altındaki yarı-kurak alanların, Hypoderma spp. yaşam döngüsünün serbest aşamalarının (pupa ve ergin sinek) gelişimi için nemli alanlara göre daha uygun olduğunu göstermektedir.

Cezayir'de Sığır Hipodermosis'in Epidemiyolojisine İklimin Etkisi

In order to explore the effect of climate on cattle warble fly infestation, a total of 1.635 animals from 4 departments of Northern Algeria were examined visually and by manual palpation for the presence of warbles. Cattle were examined from March to June 2014, coinciding with the peak of emergence of warbles, and both the prevalence and intensity of infestation were recorded. The departments included in this study were located in the two different climatic areas in Northern Algeria: humid (Bejaia and Tizi Ouzou) and semi-arid (Tissemssilt and Ain Defla). The overall prevalence was 28.75%; the intensity of infestation ranged from 1 to 98 warbles per animal (mean 18.93±11.05). The prevalence and intensity of infestation within the departments with semi-arid climate (38.23%; 21.57±11.98) was significantly higher than in those with humid climate (20.74%; 14.84±7.86). The CHAID algorithm showed the climate as the most influencing factor for warble fly prevalence, followed by the husbandry system and breed. Logistic regression and multivariate ANOVA indicate that in addition to climate, other intrinsic (age, sex, breed) and extrinsic factors (husbandry system, treatment) included in the study also were associated with both, prevalence and intensity of infestation. Our results indicate that in semiarid areas of Northern Algeria environmental conditions are more favorable for the development of free stages (pupae and adult flies) of Hypoderma spp life-cycle than in humid areas.

PDF

___

Scholl PJ: The current situation of hypodermosis in North America. In, Boulard C, Sol J, O'Brien D, Webster K, Sampimon OC (Eds): COST 811 Improvements in the Control Methods for Warble Fly in Livestock. 38-41, European Commission, Brussels, 1998.
Tarry DW: Biology, economic effects, and early efforts to eradicate Hypoderma. In, Boulard C, Sol J, Pithan K, O'Brien D, Webster K, Sampimon OC (Eds): Improvements in the Control Methods for Warble Fly in Livestock. 13-17, Brussels, COST 811, European Commission, 1998.
Boulard C: Durably controlling bovine hypodermosis. Vet Res, 33, 455- , 2002.
Panadero R, Dacal V, López C, Vázquez L, Cienfuegos S, Díaz P, Morrondo P, Díez Baños P: Immunomodulatory effect of Hypoderma lineatum antigens: In vitro effect on bovine lymphocyteproliferation and cytokine production. Parasite Immunol, 31, 72-77, 2009. DOI: 1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01072.x
Panadero R, López C, Díez N, Paz A, Díez P, Morrondo P: Influence of internal and environmental factors on the distribution and occurrence of Hypoderma (Diptera: Oestridae) in cattle in Galicia (Northwest of Spain). J Med Entomol, 37, 27-28, 2000. DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-37.1.27
Panadero R, Vazquez L, Colwell, DD, Lopez C, Dacal V, Morrondo P, Diez-Banos P: Evaluation of an antigen captures ELISA for the early diagnosis of Hypoderma lineatum in cattle under field conditions. Vet Parasitol, 147, 297-302, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.004
Colebrook E, Wall R: Ectoparasites of livestock in Europe and the Mediterranean region. Vet Parasitol, 120, 251-274, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j. vetpar.2004.01.012
Benakhla A, Boulard C, Sedraqui S, Oussaid F: L'hypodermose bovine: Approche épidémiologique et caractérisation du cycle biologique en vue de l'établissement d'un plan de prophylaxie dans le nord est Algérien. Rev Med Vet, 144, 693-700, 1993.
Benakhla A, Lonneux JF, Mekroud A, Losson B, Boulard C: Hypodermose bovine dans le Nord-Est algérien: Prévalence et intensité d'infestation. Vet Res, 30, 539-545, 1999.
Saidani K, López C, Mekademi K, Díaz P, Díez-Baños P, Benakhla A, Panadero R: Bovine hypodermosis in North-central Algeria: Prevalence, intensity of infection and risk factors. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 20, 871- , 2014. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2014.11197
James TM: The flies that cause myiasis in man. United State Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication, 631, 175, 1947.
Zumpt F: Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World. Butterworth, London, 205-229, 1965.
Lopez C, Fernandez M, Cienfuegos M, Panadero R, Vázquez L, Díaz P, Pato J, Lago N, Dacal V, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P: Protostrongylid infection in meat sheep from Northwestern Spain: Prevalence and risk factors. Vet Parasitol, 31, 108-114, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.038
R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R- project.org, 2015.
Anderson JR, Nilssen AC, Folstad I: Mating behavior and thermoregulation of the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma tarandi L. (Diptera: Oestridae). J Insect Behav 7, 679-706, 1994. DOI: 10.1007/ BF01997439
Khan MN, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS, Anwar M: Bovine hypodermosis: Prevalence and economic significance in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Vet Parasitol, 141, 386-390, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.05.014
Zalla P, Shoshi N, Bejo B, Postoli R, Rapti D: Impact of management system on the presence of hypodermosis in cattle. Maced J Anim Sci, 2 (2): 240, 2012.
Ahmed H, Khan MR, Panadero R, Lopez C, Asif S., Irfan M, Mazhar Q: Influence of epidemiological factors on the prevalence and intensity of infestation by Hypoderma spp. (Diptera: Oestidae) in cattle of Potowar Region, Pakistan. Pakistan J Zool, 45 (6): 1495-1500, 2013.
Ahmed H, Khan MR, Panadero R, López C, Iqbal MF, Naqvi SMS, Qayum M: Geographical distribution of Hypodermosis (Hypoderma sp.) in Northern Punjab, Pakistan. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 18 (Suppl-A): A215-A219, 2012. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2012.6533
Tarry D: Warble fly infestation and climate. Vet Res, 106, 559-560, DOI: 10.1136/vr.106.26.559
Saidani K, Benakhla A, Díez-Baños P, Panadero R: Chronobiology of Hypoderma spp. in North-central Algeria as a basis to establish a control program. Rev Ibero-Latinoam Parasitol, 70 (2): 157-162, 2011.
Otranto D, Zalla P, Testini G, Zanaj S: Cattle grub infestation by Hypoderma sp. in Albania and risks for European countries. Vet Parasitol, , 157-162, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.016