Kadını Anne Olarak Güçlendirmek? AKP'nin Sosyal Politika ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Yaklaşımını Şartlı Nakit Transferleri (ŞNT) Üzerinden Okumak

Bu makale, AKP Hükümeti döneminde sosyal politikanın toplumsal cinsiyet boyutuna, özellikle kadınların yoksulluğu azaltma programlarında nasıl konumlandırıldığı açısından bakmaktadır. AKP Hükümeti'nin önde gelen bir sosyal yardım programı olarak Şartlı Nakit Transferi'ne (ŞNT) odaklanmaktadır. Makale genel olarak ŞNT'yi ve özelde Türkiye'de uygulanan ŞNT programını bir toplumsal cinsiyet analizine tabi tutmaktadır. Özellikle kadınlara atfedilen roller açısından ŞNT programının, AKP'nin muhafazakar ve neoliberal yaklaşımını nasıl yansıttığını göstermektedir. AKP'nin politikalarındaki toplumsal cinsiyet konusundaki çift-taraflılığın ŞNT örneğinde de görülebildiğini iddia etmektedir. Söylemsel düzeyde kadınların bu program aracılığıyla güçlendirilmesinden bahsedilirken, programın yapılandırılma şeklinin kadınların eviçi geleneksel rollerini güçlendirdiği savunulmaktadır. Program kapsamında para transferlerinin annelerin hesaplarına yapılması programın kadınları güçlendiren bir özelliği olarak savunulmaktadır. Ancak para transferini annelik statülerinden dolayı almaları aslında kadınlar ve erkeklerin farklı rollerini vurgulayan özcü bakıç açısını güçlendirmektedir. Neoliberal sosyal risk yönetimi yaklaşımına dayanan ŞNT, yoksul aileyi gelecekteki sosyal risklerle mücadele edecek temel mekanizma olarak hedeflemektedir. Sosyal koruma rolü devletten aileye kaydırılmakta, ayrıca anneler para transferinin alıcısı olarak belirlendiğinde yoksulluktan kurtulma ve riskleri yönetme sorumluluğu kadınlara bırakılmaktadır. Özetle bu makale, neoliberal ve muhafazakar yönelimleri olan AKP için ŞNT'nin çok uygun bir sosyal yardım programı olduğunu iddia etmektedir

Empowering Women as Mothers? Conditional Cash Transfers and Gender Approach to AKP's Social Policy

This paper looks at the gender aspect of social policy provision in Turkey during the AKP government period--through an emphasis on the ways in which women are positioned within the anti-poverty programs. It focuses on conditional cash transfers (CCTs), as the leading and most emphasized poverty alleviation program of the AKP government. The paper subjects the CCTs--in general and the Turkish CCT program in particular--to a gender perspective. It demonstrates how CCTs are representative of the AKP's social conservative and neoliberal approach to social policy especially with regard to the roles that are assigned to women. It further argues that the double-sidedness in AKP's policies in terms of gender equality is observed in the case of the CCTs. Although at the discursive level, there is an emphasis on empowerment of women by this program, the ways in which the program is structured leads to the reinforcement of women's domestic roles. Especially the transfer of money to mothers is presented as an aspect of the program that empowers women. However, receiving the cash transfer in their capacity as mothers, in fact, strengthens essentialist thinking about the traditional responsibilities of women (and men). CCTs, as programs that depend on the neoliberal social risk management approach to poverty, target poor family as the main institution that is responsible for dealing with the future risks that the individuals will encounter. Not only the responsibility for social protection is shifted to the family, but by determining the mother as the recipient of the transfer, woman in her capacity as the mother is defined as the main party that has responsibility for getting out of poverty and managing social risks. Hence this paper argues that for AKP, with its neoliberal and conservative orientations, CCT has been a perfectly-fitting social assistance program

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