Formulation and evaluation of antifungal activity of gel of crude methanolic extract of leaves of Ipomoea carnea Jacq
Formulation and evaluation of antifungal activity of gel of crude methanolic extract of leaves of Ipomoea carnea Jacq
In the last few decades, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine. It getspopularized in developed and developing countries owing to its natural origin and lesser side effects. In thisexperimental study, herbal gel containing Ipomoea carnea Jacq. methanolic leaf extract was formulated and evaluatedfor antifungal activity. The base was prepared by using carbopol 934, propylene glycol 400, methyl paraben, propylparaben, triethanolamine and required amount of water in a quantity sufficient to prepare 100 g. Different gelformulations were prepared by varying the carbopol 934 concentration (0.8 and 1%), plant extract concentration (2, 4and 6%) and lavender oil (0.5 and 1%). Eight gel formulations were prepared and evaluated for physicochemical teststhat was colour, pH, viscosity, spreadibility, extrudability, homogeniety and screened for their antifungal activity byagar well diffusion technique for zone of inhibition. The formulation F8 showed zone of inhibition 32 ± 1, 17.67 ± 1.15,18.67 ± 0.57, 26 ± 1 mm against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Rhizopus species and Penicillium notatum respectivelygreater than marketed preparations. Skin irritation study (patch test) was carried out on wistar rats with F8formulation which did not exhibit any clinical signs hence the gel was considered safe and non irritant. The gel can beused in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, candidiasis of the skin, cutaneous aspergillosis, facial skin manifestationsby Penicillium, cutaneous mucormycosis and other skin infections
___
- [1] Ameen M. Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol. 2010; 28(2): 197- 201. [CrossRef]
- [2] Havlickova B, Czaika VA, Friedrich M. Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. Mycoses. 2008; 51(4): 2- 15. [CrossRef]
- [3] Zhang AY, Camp WL, Elewski BE. Advances in topical and systemic antifungals. Clin Dermatol. 2007; 25(2): 165- 183. [CrossRef]
- [4] Chen SC, Sorrell TC. Antifungal agents. Med J Aust. 2007; 187(7): 404-409. [CrossRef][5] Gupta AK, Sauder DN, Shear NH. Antifungal agents: an overview. Part I. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994; 30: 677–698. [CrossRef]
- [6] Gupta AK, Sauder DN, Shear NH. Antifungal agents: an overview. Part II. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994; 30(6): 911– 933. [CrossRef]
- [7] Crawford F, Hollis S. Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; 3: 1-118. [CrossRef]
- [8] Rotta I, Ziegelmann PK, Otuki MF, Riveros BS, Bernardo NL, Correr CJ. Efficacy of topical antifungals in the treatment of dermatophytosis: a mixed-treatment comparison meta-analysis involving 14 treatments. JAMA Dermatol. 2013; 149(3): 341–349. [CrossRef]
- [9] Bako SP, Bakfur MJ, John I, Bala EI. Ethnomedicinal and phytochemical profile of some savanna plant species in Nigeria. Int J Botany. 2005; 1(2): 147-150. [CrossRef]
- [10] Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, Coppola R, Feo VD. Essential Oils and Antifungal Activity. Pharmaceuticals. 2017; 10(86): 1- 20. [CrossRef]
- [11] Saxena PK, Nanda D, Gupta R, Kumar N, Tyagi N. A Review on Ipomoea Carnea: An Exploration. Int Res J Pharm. 2017; 8(6): 1-8. [CrossRef]
- [12] Nidiry ESJ. Tentative detection of some alkyl coumarates and alkyl ferulates in Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa by HRESIMS and comparison of these compounds among Convolvulaceae plants. Pharmacogn Commun. 2013; 3(3): 12-16. [CrossRef]
- [13] Bhalerao SA, Teli NC. Ipomoea carnea Jacq.: Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacological potential. Int J Curr Res Biosci Plant Biol. 2016; 3(8): 138-144. [CrossRef]
- [14] Yadav SK, Mishra MK, Tiwari A, Shukla A. Emulgel: A New Approach for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2017; 9(1): 15-19. [CrossRef]
- [15] Chang RK, Raw A, Lionberger R, Yu L. Generic Development of Topical Dermatologic Products: Formulation Development, Process Development, and Testing of Topical Dermatologic Products. AAPS J. 2013; 15(1): 41–52. [CrossRef]
- [16] Chandrakasan L, Neelamegam R. HPTLC analysis of coumarin profile in the leaf and bark samples of Loranthus longiflorus Desr. (Syn.–Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh) collected from two host trees. J Med Plant Stud. 2017; 5(1): 135-139.
- [17] Nidiry ESJ, Ganeshan G, Lokesha AN. Antifungal Activity and Isomerization of Octadecyl p-coumarates from Ipomoea carnea subsp. Fistulosa. Nat Prod Commun. 2011; 6(12): 1889-1892. [CrossRef]
- [18] Predoi D, Groza A, Iconaru SL, Predoi G, Barbuceanu F, Guegan R, Motelicaheino MS, Cimpeanu C. Properties of Basil and Lavender Essential Oils. Adsorbed on the Surface of Hydroxyapatite. Materials. 2018; 11(5): 652. [CrossRef]
- [19] Fonseca FN, Ferreira AJS, Sartorelli P, Lopes NP, Floh EIS, Handro W, Kato MJ. Phenylpropanoid derivatives and bi-flavones at different stages of differentiation and development of Araucaria angustifolia. Phytochemistry. 2000; 55(6): 575-580.
- [20] Human metablome database. http://www.hmdb.ca/spectra/c_ms/19383 . (Assessed on 22-07-2019).
- [21] Snook ME. Characterization and Quantitation of Hexadecyl, Octadecyl, and Eicosyl Esters of p-Coumaric Acid in the Vine and Root Latex of Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. J Agric Food Chem. 1994; 42(11): 2589-2595. [CrossRef]
- [22] Ubaid M, Ilyas S, Mir S, Khan AK, Rashid R, Khan MZU, Kanwal ZG, Nawaz A, Shah A Murtaza G. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of carbopol 934-based modified clotrimazole gel for topical application. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2016; 88(4): 2303-2317. [CrossRef]
- [23] Charyulu RN, Muaralidharan A, Sandeep DS. Design and Evaluation of Bigels Containing Flurbiprofen. Res J Pharm Tech. 2018; 11(1): 1-10. [CrossRef]
- [24] Gul R, Jan SU, Faridullah S, Sherani S, Jahan N. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Alkaloids, and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Plant Extracts from Ephedra intermedia Indigenous to Balochistan. Sci World J. 2017; Article ID: 5873648 [CrossRef]
- [25] Madike LN, Takaidza S, Pillay M. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts from the Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Tulbaghia violacea. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res. 2017; 9(10): 1300-1308. [CrossRef]
- [26] Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods- A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London. 1998.
- [27] Subashini K, Sivakami R, Jeyasankar A. Phytochemical screening and ovicidal activity of Scutellaria violacea (Lamiaceae) leaf extract against vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Int J Adv Res Biol Sci. 2017; 4(3): 152-158. [CrossRef]
- [28] Moraes MA, Santos BCS, Fabri RL, Scio E, Alves MS, Yamamoto CH, Rodarte MP, DelVechio-Vieira G, Araújo ALS, Araújo ALA, Sousa OV. Pharmacological potential of Palicourea rigida kunth: A possible participation of flavonoid compounds. J Med Plant Res. 2017; 11(10): 194-206. [CrossRef]
- [29] Obonga WO, Omeje EO, Nnadi CO, Ocheme WG. Phytochemical Evaluation of Extracts and GC-MS analysis of oil from Monodora myristica Seed. Dhaka Univers J Pharm Sci. 2019; 18(1): 69-73. [CrossRef]
- [30] Dauria FD, Ticca M, Strippoli V, Salvatore G, Battinelu L, Mazzanti T. Antifungal activity of Lavundula angustifolia essential oil against Candida albicans yeast and mycelial form. Med Mycology. 2005; 43(5): 391-396. [CrossRef]
- [31] Bharade S, Gupta N, Jain S, Kapoor V, Rajpoot DS. Development of Micro-Emulsion Gel Based Topical Delivery of Salicylic Acid and Neem Oil for the Management of Psoriasis. J Drug Deliv Therapeut. 2019; 9(4): 186-191. [CrossRef]
- [32] Mali KK, Dhawale SC, Dias RJ. Microemulsion Based Bioadhesive Gel of Itraconazole Using Tamarind Gum: Invitro and Ex-vivo Evaluation. Marmara Pharm J. 2017; 21(3): 688-700. [CrossRef]
- [33] Parekh J, Chanda S. In-vitro antimicrobial activities of extracts of Launaea procumbens Roxb. (Labiateae), Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) and Cyperus rotundua L. (Cyperaceae). Afr J of Biomed Res. 2006; 9: 89-93. [CrossRef]
- [34] Ismail Y, Wedyan M, Al-zu’abe M and Abderrahman S. Antimicrobial activity of Rubia cordifolia: methods to determine antimicrobial activity. Res J Med Plant. 2016; 10(8): 457-462. [CrossRef]
- [35] Blazekovic B, Stanic G, Pepeljnjak S, Vladimir-Knezevic S. In Vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. ‘Budrovka’. Molecules. 2011; 16(5): 4241-4253. [CrossRef]
- [36] James O, Sunday AB. Evaluation of acute dermal irritation and wound contraction by Gymnema Sylvestre and Datura Metel extracts in rats. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2014; 2(4): 83-88. [CrossRef]
- [37] Adegbenro OO, Opeyemi OT. Development and Estimation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Topical Etoricoxib Emulgel by Carrageenan Induced Paw Oedema Method. Univers J Pharm Res. 2019; 4(3): 23-28. [CrossRef]
- [38] OECD. OECD test guidelines 404: acute dermal irritation and corrosion. Paris, France 2002.