Tedaviye Dirençli İki Uçlu Bozukluk

İki uçlu bozukluk (İUB) oldukça yaygın görülen, süreğenve heterojen bir psikiyatrik bozukluktur. İki uçlu bozuklukta direnci tanımlamak kompleks bir problemdir vebozukluğun her dönemini içermelidir, daha açık kriterlereve tedavi şekillerine ihtiyaç vardır. Son on yıllık dönemde İUBnin ilaç tedavisi oldukça gelişme göstermesinerağmen, hala dirençli durumlarla baş etme noktasındazorluklarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu gün hala İUBsi olan vegözlemsel çalışmalara göre hayatlarının sadece yarısındaötimik olan hastaların tedavisindeki en önemli araç buhastaların hayat kalitesini arttıran uzun dönemli güvenliduygudurum dengeleyici tedavidir.

Treatment resistant bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is highly prevalent, chronic andheterogeneous psychiatric disorder. Defining refractorybipolar disorder is a complex problem that involves everyphase of the disorder and require more clear criteria andtreatment modalities. Despite over expansion in BD pharmacotherapies in the last decade we still face difficultiesin treating resistant cases. Securing long term mood stabilization for resistance cases, will improve the quality oflife of these patients; who are euthymic only half of theirlife times according to observational studies.

___

  • 1. Goodwin RK, Jamison KR. Manic-Depressive Illness, 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • 2. Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Vazquez GH, Undurraga J, Bolzani L, Yildiz A, Khalsa HM, Lai M, Lepri B, Lolich M, Maffei PM, Salvatore P, Faedda GL, Vieta E, Tohen M. International study of functional and symptomatic outcome versus onset-age in 1437 bipolar-I disorder patients. World Psychiatry. 2012;11:40-6.
  • 3. Tondo L, Lepri B, Cruz N, Baldessarini RJ. Age onset in 3014 Sardinian bipolar and major depressive disorder patients. Acta Psychiatry Scand. 2010;121:446-52.
  • 4. Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM, Petukhova M, Kessler RC. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Co-morbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:543-52.
  • 5. Poon SH, Sim K, Sum MY, Kuswanto CN, Baldessarini RJ. Evidence-based options for treatment-resistant adult bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disorders. 2012:14:573-84.
  • 6. Gitlin MJ, Swendsen J, Heller TL, Hammen C. Relapse and impairment in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1635-40.
  • 7. Geddes JR, Miklowitz DJ. Treatment of bipolar disorder. Lancet. 2013;381:1672-82.
  • 8. Baldessarini RJ, Bolzani L, Cruz N, Jones PB, Lai M, Lepri B, Perez J, Salvatore P, Tohen M, Tondo L, Vieta E. Onset-age of bipolar disorders at six international six international sites. J Affect Disord. 2010;121:143-6.
  • 9. Hirschfeld RM, Lewis L, Vornik LA. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:161-74.
  • 10. Suppes T, Leverich GS, Keck PE, Nolen WA, Denicoff KD, Mc Elroy SL, Rush AJ, Kupka R, Frye MA, Bickel M, Post RM. The Stanley foundation bipolar outcome network. II.demographics and illness characteristics of the first 261 patients. J Affect Disord. 2001;67:45- 59.
  • 11. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, Endicott J, Maser J, Solomon DA, Leon AC, Rice JA, Keller MB. The Long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic satatus of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:530-7.
  • 12. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, Coryell W, Endicott J, Maser JD, Solomon DA, Leon AC, Keller MB. A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:261-9.
  • 13. Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Patel JK, Marangell LB, Zhang H, Wisniewski SR, Ketter TA, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Gyulai L, Reilly- Harrington NA, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS, Thase ME. Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Am J Psychiatry.2006;163:217-24.
  • 14. Gitlin M. Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 2006;11, 227-240.
  • 15. Sachs GS. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1996;19:215-36.
  • 16. Berk M, Conus P, Lucas N, Hallam K, Malhi GS, Dodd S, Yatham LN, Yung A, McGorry P. Setting rhe stage: from prodrome to treatment resistance in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2007:9:671-8.
  • 17. Kupka RW, Luckenbaugh DA, Post RM, Suppes T, Altshuler LL, Keck PE Jr, Frye MA, Denicoff KD, Grunze H, Leverich GS, McElroy SL, Walden J, Nolen WA. Comparison of rapid cycling and non- rapid-cycling bipolar disorder based on prospective mood ratings in 539 outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1273-80.
  • 18. Schneck CD, Miklowitz DJ, Calabrese JR,Allen MH, Thomas MR, Wisniewski SR, Miyahara S, Shelton MD, Ketter TA, Goldberg JF, Bowden CL, Sachs GS. Phenomenology of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: data from the first 500 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1902-8.
  • 19. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, Schaffer A, Beaulieu S, Alda M, O’Donovan C, Macqueen G, McIntyre RS, Sharma V, Ravindran A, Young LT, Milev R, Bond DJ, Frey BN, Goldstein BI, Lafer B, Birmaher B, Ha K, Nolen WA, Berk M. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2013. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15:1-44.
  • 20. Calabrese JR, Kimmel SE, Woyshville MJ, Rapport DJ, Faust CJ, Thompson PA, Meltzer HY.Clozapine for treatment-refractory mania. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:759-64.
  • 21. Suppes T, Webb A, Paul B, Carmody T, Kraemer H, Rush AJ. Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1164-9.
  • 22. Ciapparelli A, Dell’Osso L, Bandettini di Poggio A,Carmassi C, Cecconi D, Fenzi M, Chiavacci MC, Bottai M, Ramacciotti CE, Cassano GB. Clozapine in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic bipolar disorder: a naturalistic 48-month follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:451-8.
  • 23. Chang JS, Ha KS, Young Lee K, Sik Kim Y, Min Ahn Y. The effects of long-term clozapine add-on therapy on the rehospitalization rate and the mood polarity patterns in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:461-67.
  • 24. Small JG, Klapper MH, Marhenke JD, Milstein V, Woodham GC, Kellams JJ. Lithium combined with carbamazepine or haloperidol in the treatment of mania. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31:265-72.
  • 25. Tohen M, Bowden CL, Smulevich AB, Bergstrom R, Quinlan T, Osuntokun O, Wang WV, Oliff HS, Martenyi F, Kryzhanovskaya LA, Greil W. Olanzapine plus carbamazepine alone in treating manic episodes. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;192:135-43.
  • 26. Yatham LN, Grossman F, Augustyns I, Vieta E, Ravindran A. Mood stabilizers plus risperidone or placebo in the treatment of acute mania. International, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;182:141-7.
  • 27. Fountoulakis KN. Refractoriness in Bipolar Disorder: Definitions and Evidence-Based Treatment. CNS Neuroscince & Therapeutics. 2012;18:227-37.
  • 28. Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T , Zarate CA Jr, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Kupfer DJ, Baker RW, Risser RC, Keeter EL, Feldman PD, Tollefson GD, Breier A. Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:62-9.
  • 29. Houston JP, Ahl J, Meyers AL, Kaiser CJ, Tohen M, Baldessarini RJ.Reduced suicidal ideation in bipolar I disorder mixed-episode patients in a placebo-controoled trial of olanzapine combined with lithium or divalproex. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1246-52.
  • 30. Chen J, Muzina DJ, Kemp DE,Conroy C, Chan P, Serrano MB, Ganocy SJ, Fang Y, Calabrese JR, Gao K. Safety and afficacy of olanzapine monotherapy in treatment-resistant bipolar mania: a 12-week open-label study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26:588- 95.
  • 31. Yatham LN, Vieta E, Young AH, Moller HJ, Paulsson B, Vagero M. A double blind, randomized , placebo-kontrolled trial of quetiapine as an add-on therapy to lithium or divalproex for the treatment of bipolar mania. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;22:212-20.
  • 32. Vieata E, T’Joen C, Mc Quade RD, Carson WH Jr, Marcus RN, Sanchez R, Owen R, Nameche L. Efficacay of adjunctive aripiprazole to either valproate or lithium in bipolar mania patients partially nonresponsive to valproate/lithium monotherapy: A placebo- controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2008:165:1316-25.
  • 33. Keck PE Jr, Marcus R, Tourkodimitris S ve ark. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with acute bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1651-8.
  • 34. Sachs GS, Sanchez R, Marcus R, Stock E, McQuade R, Carson W, Abou-Gharbia N, Impellizzeri C, Kaplita S, Rollin L, Iwamoto T; Aripiprazole Study Group. Aripiprazole in the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder: a 3-week placebo-controlled study. J Psychopharmacol. 2006;20:536-46.
  • 35. Benedetti A, Di Paolo A, Lastella M, Casamassima F, Candiracci C, Litta A, Ciofi L, Danesi R, Lattanzi L, Del Tacca M, Cassano GB. Augmentation of clozapine with aripiprazole in severe psychotic and schizoaffective disorders: a pilot study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2010;6:30-5.
  • 36. Tohen M, Goldberg JF, Gonzalez-Pinto Arrillaga AM, Azorin JM, Vieta E, Hardy-Bayle MC, Lawson WB, Emsley RA, Zhang F, Baker RW, Risser RC, Namjoshi MA, Evans AR, Breier A. A 12-week, double-blind comparison of olanzapine vs haloperidol in the treatment of acute mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:1218-26.
  • 37. Burt T, Sachs GS, Demopulos C. Donepezil in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:959-64.
  • 38. Evins AE, Demopulos C, Nirenberg A, Culhane MA, Eisner L, Sachs G. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive donepezil in treatment-resistant mania. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8:75-80.
  • 39. Benazzi F. Mania associated with donepezil. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;13:814-5.
  • 40. Loo C, Katalinic N, Mitchell PB, Greenberg B.Physical treatments for bipolar disorder ; a review of electroconvulsive therapy, stereotactic surgery and other brain stimulation techniques. J Affect Diord. 2011;132:1-13.
  • 41. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler Pj, Endicott J, Leon AC, Solomon DA, Coryell W, Maser JD, Keller MB. Psychosocial disability in the course of bipolar I and II disorders: a prospective, comparative, longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:1322-30.
  • 42. Dilbaz N. İki uçlu depresyonda doğru tanı koymak: Tek uçlu ve iki uçlu depresyon ayırımı. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2013;3(Suppl.1):S45-47.
  • 43. Hirschfeld RM, Vornik LA. Recognition and diagnosis of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(Suppl.15):5-9.
  • 44. Sienaert P, Lambrichts L, Dols A, De Fruyt J. Evidence-based treatment strategies for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15:61-9.
  • 45. Ghaemi SN, Ko JY, Goodwin FK. The bipolar sppectrum and the antidepressant view of the World. J Psychiatr Pract. 2001;7:287-97.
  • 46. Yatham LN, Calabrase JR, Kusumakar V. Bipolar depression: criteria for treatment selection, definition of refractoriness, and treatment options. Bipolar Disorder. 2003;5:85-97.
  • 47. Lipsman N, McIntyre RS, Giacobbe P, Torres C, Keneddy SH, Lozano AM. Neurosurgical treatment of bipolar depression: defining treatment resistance and identifying surgical targets. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12:691-701.
  • 48. Malhi GS, Bargh DM, Cashman E, Frye MA, Gitlin M. The clinical management of bipolar disorder complexity using a stratified model. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14 (Suppl.2):S66-S89.
  • 49. De Fruyt J, Deschepper E, Audenaert K , Constant E, Floris M, Pitchot W, Sienaert P, Souery D, Claes S. Second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacology. 2012;26:603-17.
  • 50. Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR, Marangell LB, Wisniewski SR, Gyulai L, Friedman ES, Bowden CL, Fossey MD, Ostacher MJ, Ketter TA, Patel J, Hauser P, Rapport D, Martinez JM, Allen MH, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Dennehy EB, Thase ME. Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. N Engl J Med. 2007;26:1711-22.
  • 51. Akdeniz F, Aldemir E, Vahip S. Tedaviye dirençli bipolar depresif dönemlerin tedavisinde düşük doz pramipeksolün yeri. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2009;20:94-8.
  • 52. Goldberg JF, Burdick KE, Endick CJ. Preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole added to mood stabilizers for treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:564-6.
  • 53. Karadag F, Tan D, Ünal F. Tedaviye dirençli iki uçlu depresyonda Aripiprazol güçlendirmesi: İki olgu sunumu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2011;22:269-72.
  • 54. Ketter TA, Wang PW, Chandler RA, Culver JL, Alarcon AM. Adjunctive aripiprazole in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2006;18:169-72.
  • 55. Kemp DE, Gilmer WS, Fleck J, Straus JL, Dago PL, Karaffa M. Aripiprazole augmentation in treatment –resistant bipolar depression: early response and development of akathisia. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31:574-77.
  • 56. Frye MA, Grunze H, Suppes T, Mc Elroy SL, Keck PE jr, Walden J, Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Nakelsky S, Hwang S, Mintz J, Post RM. A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1242-9.
  • 57. Nirenberg AA, Ostacher MJ, Calabrase JR, Ketter TA, Marangell LB, Miklowitz DJ, Miyahara S, Bauer MS, Thase ME, Wisniewski SR, Sachs GS.Treatment –resistant bipolar depression: STEP- BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of antidepressant augmentation with lamotrigine, inositol, or risperidone. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:210-6.
  • 58. Ahn YM, Nam JY, Culver JL, Marsh WK, Bonner JC, Ketter TA. Lamotrigine plus quetiapine combination therapy in treatment- resistant bipolar depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2011;23:17-24.
  • 59. Zarate CA Jr, Brutsche NE, Ibrahim L, Franco-Chaves J, Diazgranados N, Cravchik A, Selter J, Marquardt CA, Liberty V, Luckenbaugh DA. Replication of ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy in bipolar depression: a randomized controlled add-on trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71:939-46.
  • 60. Dierckx B, Heijnen WT, van den Broek WW, Birkenhager TK. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar versus unipolar major depression: a meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14:146-50.
  • 61. Sienaert P, Vansteelandt K, Demyttenaere K, Peuskens J.Ultra- brief pulse ECT in bipolar and unipolar depressive disorder: differences in speed of response. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:418-24.
  • 62. Huxley NA, Parikh SV, Baldessarini RJ. Effectiviness of psychosocial treatments in bipolar disorder: state of the evidence. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2000;8:126-40.
  • 63. Lauder SD, Berk M, Castle DJ, Dodd S, Berk L. The role of psychotherapy in bipolar disorder. Med J Austral. 2010;193(Suppl. 4):S31-S35.
  • 64. Gonzalez-Isasi A, Echeburua E, Mosquera F, Ibanez B, Aizpuru F, Gonzalez-Pinto A . Long-term efficacy of psychological intervention program for patients with refractory bipolar disorder: pilot study. Psychiatry Res. 2010;176:161-5.
  • 65. Geddes JR, Burgess S, Hawton K, Jamisson K, Goodwin GM. Long- term lithium therapy for bipolar disorder:systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:217-22.
  • 66. Cipriani A, Pretty H, Hawton K, Geddes JR. Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1805-19.
  • 67. McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Lancet. 2012;379:721-8.
  • 68. Ünal A, Çöpoğlu ÜS, Bülbül F, Vırıt O, Savaş HA. Lityumun kırk yıldır sorunsuz kullanımı: Olgu sunumu. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2013;3:70-3.
  • 69. Savaş HA, Unal A, Vırıt O. Treatment adherence in bipolar disorder. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2011;1:95-102.
  • 70. Alpak G, Demir B, Aksak I, Kaya H, Ünal A, Bülbül F, Savaş HA. Uzun etkili tipik ve atipik antipsikotiklerin iki uçlu bozukluk hastalarında kullanımı: Geriye dönük dosya taraması. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2014;4:20-5.
  • 71. Vieta E, Reinars M, Corbella V, Benabarre A, Gilaberte I, Colom F, Martínez-Arán A, Gastó C, Tohen M. Olanzapine a long-term adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:469-73.
  • 72. Vazudev K, Macritchie K, Geddes J, Watson S, Young A. Topiramate for acute effective episodes in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;25:CD003384.
  • 73. Chengappa RKN, Schwarzman LK, Hulihan JF, Xiang J, Rosenthal NR. Adjunctive topiramate therapy in patients receiving a mood stabilizer for bipolar I disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1698-706.
  • 74. Vieta E, Sánchez-Moreno J, Goikolea JM, Torrent C, Benabarre A, Colom F, Martínez-Arán A, Reinares M, Comes M, Corbella B. Adjunctive topiramate in bipolar II disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2003;4:172-6.
  • 75. Koukopoulos A, Serra G, Koukopoulos AE, Reginaldi D, Serra G. The sustained mood-stabilizing effect of memantine in the management of treatment resistant bipolar disorders: findings from a 12-month naturalistic trial. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:163-6.
  • 76. Vaidya NA, Mahableshwarker AR, Shahid R. Continuation and maintenance ECT in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. J ECT. 2003;19:10-6.
  • 77. Miklowitz DJ, Johnson SL. Social and familial risk factors in bipolar disorder: basic processes and relevant interventions. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2009;16:281-96.
  • 78. Miklowitz DJ, Scott J. Psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder: Cost-effectiveness, mediating mechanism, and future directions. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:110-22.
  • 79. Miklowitz DJ, Goodwin GM, Bauer M, Geddes JR. Common and specific elements of psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder: a survey of clinicians participating in randomized trials. J Psychiatr Pract. 2008;14:77-85.