Young Children’s Electronic Media Use and Parental Rules and Regulations

Today’s children are born and raised in media-saturated environments, surrounded by televisions, computers, tablets, smartphones, and other portable electronic devices. Because these devices have become an indispensable part of everyday life, they have a significant influence on children's entertainment and leisure, as well as their education. This study, therefore, examined how early and how much young children (from 0 to 6 years of age) use television, computers, and tablet/smartphones, specifically whether this media usage is directly affected by socio-demographic factors related to parents (i.e., their education, income, and age), the children themselves (i.e., their age, gender, and the presence and number of siblings), and the media environment in their homes (i.e., the availability of media, parental opinions about media, and regulation of media use). The sample for this study consisted of 412 parents of 0- to 6-year-old children who brought their children to the Social Paediatrics Department of the Faculty of Medicine in Ankara, Turkey, for developmental check-ups. The data for this study were collected through a questionnaire that was prepared by the researcher. The findings indicate that almost all children live in homes with different types of electronic media devices and the children’s home electronic media environments and their parents’ demographics are important predictors for their usage of electronic media.

Young Children’s Electronic Media Use and Parental Rules and Regulations

Today’s children are born and raised in media-saturated environments, surrounded by televisions, computers, tablets, smartphones, and other portable electronic devices. Because these devices have become an indispensable part of everyday life, they have a significant influence on children's entertainment and leisure, as well as their education. This study, therefore, examined how early and how much young children (from 0 to 6 years of age) use television, computers, and tablet/smartphones, specifically whether this media usage is directly affected by socio-demographic factors related to parents (i.e., their education, income, and age), the children themselves (i.e., their age, gender, and the presence and number of siblings), and the media environment in their homes (i.e., the availability of media, parental opinions about media, and regulation of media use). The sample for this study consisted of 412 parents of 0- to 6-year-old children who brought their children to the Social Paediatrics Department of the Faculty of Medicine in Ankara, Turkey, for developmental check-ups. The data for this study were collected through a questionnaire that was prepared by the researcher. The findings indicate that almost all children live in homes with different types of electronic media devices and the children’s home electronic media environments and their parents’ demographics are important predictors for their usage of electronic media.

___

  • AAP. (2011). Media Use by Children Younger Than 2 Years. Pediatrics, 128(5), 1040–1045. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1753
  • Ahearne, C., Dilworth, S., Rollings, R., Livingstone, V., & Murray, D. (2015). Touch-screen technology usage in toddlers. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(2), 181-182. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309278
  • Arnett, J. J. (Ed.). (2007). Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media: Two-volume set. Sage Publications.
  • Blehm, C., Vishnu, S., Khattak, A., Mitra, S., & Yee, R. W. (2005). Computer vision syndrome: a review. Survey of ophthalmology, 50(3), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.02.008
  • Cajochen, C., Frey, S., Anders, D., Späti, J., Bues, M., Pross, A., Mager, R., Wirz-Justice, A., O. (2011). Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 110(5), 1432–1438. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011
  • Calvert, S. L., & Wilson, B. J. (Eds.). (2008). The handbook of children, media, and development (pp. 1–4). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Connell, S. L., Lauricella, A. R., & Wartella, E. (2015). Parental Co-Use of Media Technology with their Young Children in the USA. Journal of Children and Media, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2015.997440
  • Cristia, A., & Seidl, A. (2015). Parental Reports on Touch Screen Use in Early Childhood. PLOS ONE, 10(6), e0128338. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128338
  • DeBell, M., & Chapman, C. (2006). Computer and Internet Use by Students in 2003. Statistical Analysis Report. NCES 2006-065. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED493283
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Huyn, H. H. (1993). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. PsycCRITIQUES (Vol. 38). https://doi.org/10.1037/032719
  • Gentile, D. A., & Walsh, D. A. (2002). A normative study of family media habits. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 23(2), 157-178.
  • Goodman, A. (1990). Addiction: definition and implications. Addiction, 85(11), 1403-1408.
  • Holman, J., & Braithwaite, V. A. (1982). Parental lifestyles and children's television viewing. Australian Journal of Psychology, 34(3), 375-382.
  • Huston, A. C., Wright, J. C., Rice, M. L., Kerkman, D., & St. Peters, M. (1990). Development of television viewing patterns in early childhood: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.409
  • Kabali, H. K., Irigoyen, M. M., Nunez-Davis, R., Budacki, J. G., Mohanty, S. H., Leister, K. P., & Bonner, R. L. (2015). Exposure and Use of Mobile Media Devices by Young Children. Pediatrics, 136(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2151
  • Kirkorian, H. L., Wartella, E. A., & Anderson, D. R. (2008). Media and young children’s learning. The Future of Children / Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 18(1), 39–61. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0002
  • Kotler, J. A., Wright, J., & Huston, A. (2001). Television use in families with children. In Television and the American Family (pp. 33-48).
  • Kubey R, Csikszentmihalyi M. (1990). Television and the Quality of Life: How Viewing Shapes Everyday Experience. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Lee, J. H. M. (2004). Predicting how early and how much young children use television and computers: The role of sociodemographic, family, and child characteristics (Order No. 3143296). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (305131893). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/predicting-how-early-much-young-children-use/docview/305131893/se-2
  • McIlwraith, R. D. (1998). "I'm addicted to television": The personality, imagination, and TV watching patterns of self-identified TV addicts. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 42(3), 371-386.
  • Mumtaz, S. (2001). Children's Enjoyment and Perception of Computer Use in the Home and the School. Computers& Education, v36(n4), p347.
  • Nikken, P., & Schols, M. (2015). How and Why Parents Guide the Media Use of Young Children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0144-4
  • Patton, G. C., & Sawyer, S. M. (2000). Media and young minds. Medical Journal of Australia, 173(11–12), 570–571. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2591
  • Rideout, V. J., Vandewater, E. A., & Wartella, E. A. (2003). Zero to six: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers (Report No. 6). The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
  • Strasburger, V. C., Wilson, B. J., & Jordan, A. B. (2009). Children, adolescents, and the media. Sage.
  • Van den Bulck, J., & Beullens, K. (2005). Television and music video exposure and adolescent alcohol use while going out. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 40(3), 249-253.
  • Woodard, E. H. & Gridina, N. (2000). Media in the Home 2000: The Fifth Annual Survey of Parents and Children. Philadelphia, PA: Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania, 2000. http://www.appcpenn.org/mediainhome/survey/survey7.pdf
  • Yan, Z., Hu, L., Chen, H., & Lu, F. (2008). Computer Vision Syndrome: A widely spreading but largely unknown epidemic among computer users. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5):2026-2042. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2007.09.004