Osmanlı Döneminde Beytülmakdis’e Yönelik Yahudi Oryantalizmi

Jewish Orientalism around Beytulmakdis in the Ottoman era

If one contemplates over Muslim history and its context in general and that of Bayt al-Maqdis in particular, one would notice persisting undermining of its importance to Muslims since its conquest till this very day.  Western Orientalists and Jewish Orientalists in particular have had a great deal of effort in trying to undermine Islam and its relationship with Bayt al-Maqdis. The history of Jewish Orientalism around Islamicjerusalem, which began and spread during the Ottoman period, represents the laying down of the cornerstones and first building blocks in the establishment of the Zionist entity in the Holy Land.  With its pioneering scholars, the basic principal, characteristics, and building blocks were laid down during this period. Their ability to transmit nationalist sentiment and engage even those who were opposed to the establishment of a Jewish State, and its success in the embodiment of this dream and its realisation.   This indicates the seriousness and danger of this venture and its audacious targeting of values, principles and customs, which necessitates the urgent need to study and analyse it.  This paper thus attempts to deal with the question of Jewish Orientalism in Bayt al-Maqdis during the Ottoman period.  This in turn raises a number of sub-questions that the paper tries to deal with: What is Jewish Orientalism? Who are the most important figures of Jewish Orientalism during the Ottoman period? What are the main characteristics of Jewish Orientalism on Islamicjerusalem during this period?

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