Kızılderili Kadın Lider Kimliğinin Toplumsal ve Kültürel Oluşumu

Bu makale, sömürgecilik ve toplumsal cinsiyet kavramları üze rinden, geçmişte ve günümüzde Kızılderili kadınların liderlik algısınıve bu liderliğin değişen doğasını inceler. Kızılderili toplumunda, gü nümüze değin, kadın ve erkeklerin farklı ancak eşit derecede önemliliderlik rolleri olmuştur. Bu roller ayrılmaz şekilde birbirine bağımlıy dı. Avrupa-Amerikalı sömürgeciliği; toprakların ele geçirilmesi, diniideoloji ve bunların beraberinde gelen toplumsal cinsiyet ideolojileriaracılığıyla, yerli toplumların kültürel dokusunu yavaş yavaş bozmuşve toplumsal liderlik konusundaki cinsiyet denkliğinin tam anlamıylabir değişim geçirmesine yol açmıştır. Günümüzde Kızılderili kadınlargeçmişte sahip oldukları sosyo-politik gücü bir ölçüde geri almakta dır. Yerli kadınlar ABD Temsilciler Meclis üyeleri, kendi eyaletlerindeyürütme memurları, yasama meclislerinde eyalet temsilcileri, ve kenditoplumlarında kabile yetkilileri, eğitim savunucuları, çevre aktivistlerive kültürel anlamda güç kazanan anneler, kız kardeşler ve kız evlatlarolarak ülkede liderlik anlamında üst kademelere yükselmektedirler.

Building Native Women’s Leadership through Community andCulture

Using the lenses of colonialism and gender, this article explores the evolving nature and perception of Native American women’s leadership historically and in the present. Historically, women and men had different yet equally important leadership roles to play within the community. These roles were inextricably interdependent. Euro-American colonialism through conquest and religion brought concomitant gender ideologies that slowly tore at the fabric of indigenous communities and ultimately altered the nature of gender parity within community leadership. Today, Native American women are taking back a degree of the significant sociopolitical power they once exercised. Native women are rising to the top ranks of leadership in the nation as members of the US House of Representatives, in their states as executive officers and as state representatives in their state legislatures, as well as in their communities as tribal officials, education advocates, environmental activists, and as culturally empowered mothers, sisters, and daughters.

PDF

___

Ackerman, Lillian, and Laura Klein. Women and Power in Native North America. 1st ed., U of Oklahoma P, 2000.
Adams, David Wallace. Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875-1928. 3rd ed., U P of Kansas, 1995.
Allen, Paula Gunn. The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions. Reissue, Beacon P, 1992.
Canby, William Jr. American Indian Law in a Nutshell. 5th ed., West Academic Publishing, 2009.
Cramer, Renee Ann. Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgment. U of Oklahoma P, 2005.
Devens, Carol. Countering Colonization: Native American Women and Great Lakes Missions, 1630-1900. 1st Edition, U of California P, 1992.
Ellicott, George, and Gerard T. Hopkins. Report of the Committee on a Visit to the Miami of the Pottowattomi Nations in 1802: Typescript, Jan. 8., 1929.
Ellis, Clyde. A Dancing People: Powwow Culture on the Southern Plains. U P of Kansas, 2003.
Green, Joyce. Making Space for Indigenous Feminism. 2nd ed, Fernwood Publishing, 2017.
Green, Michael. Issues in Native American Cultural Identity (Critic of Institutions). Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers, 1995.
Henning, Dennis. “Yes, My Daughters, We Are Cherokee Women.” Making Space for Indigenous Feminism, edited by Joyce Green. Fernwood Publishing, 2017, pp. 187–98.
Hill, Margo, and Mary Ann Keogh Hoss. “Reclaiming American Indian Women Leadership: Indigenous Pathway to Leadership.” Open Journal of Leadership, vol. 7, no. 3, 2018, pp. 225–36. Crossref, doi:10.4236/ojl.2018.73013. Accessed 6 August 2020.
Howard, Heather, and Susan Lobo. “Urban Clan Mothers: Key Households in Cities.” Keeping the Campfires Going: Native Women’s Activism in Urban Communities, edited by Susan Applegate Krouse. U of Nebraska P, 2009, pp. 1–21.
Ironstrack, George. “Eekimaawinki – Being A Myaamia Leader: A Survey of Myaamia Traditions Of Leadership From 1650-1840.” 2007. Unpublished paper.
James, M. Annette, and Theresa Halsey. “American Indian Women at the Center of Indigenous Resistance in North America.” The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance, edited by M. Annette Jaimes. 1st ed, South End Press, 1999, pp. 311–44.
Lomawaima, Tsianina, et al. Away from Home: American Indian Boarding School Experiences, 1879-2000. 2nd ed., Heard Museum, 2000.
Mankiller, Wilma. Every Day is a Good Day: Reflections by Contemporary Indigenous Women. Memorial ed., Fulcrum Publishing, 2011.
Marrero, Karen. “She is Capable of Doing a Good Deal of Mischief”: A Miami Woman’s Threat to Empire in the Eighteenth-Century Ohio Valley.” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, vol. 6 no.3, 2005. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/cch.2006.0015. Accessed 6 August 2020.
Meadows, William. Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Military Societies: Enduring Veterans, 1800 to the Present. 1st ed., U of Texas P, 2002.
McKee, Jennifer. “Montana under New Management.” Montana Standard, 4 Jan. 2009, mtstandard.com/politics/montana/montana-under-new-management/article_15e675df-3bdc-5f3e-af99- 72de139f418c.html. Accessed 6 August 2020.
Miamination.com. 2020. Official Website of Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. https://miamination.com/ Accessed 7 August 2020. “Miami Tribe of Oklahoma.” Aatotankiki Myaamiaki. vol. 9, no.2 pipoonwi 2010.
Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. Resolution Proclaiming the Year 2010 as Kweehsitawankwiki myaamiihkwiaki: The Year of Myaamia Women. 2010. Unpublished.
Miami Women’s Council. Mission Statement. 2009. Unpublished. Mihesuah, Devon Abbott. Indigenous American Women: Decolonization, Empowerment, Activism. U of Nebraska P, 2003.
Muller, Helen Juliette. “American Indian Women Managers.” Journal of Management Inquiry, vol. 7, no. 1, 1998, pp. 4–28. Crossref, doi:10.1177/105649269871002. Accessed 30 July 2020.
National Congress of American Indians. “Women’s Issues.” http:// www.ncai.org/policy-issues/education-health-human-services/ women-s-issues. Accessed 17 August 2020.
Portman, Tarrell Awe Agahe, and Roger D. Herring. “Debunking the Pocahontas Paradox: The Need for a Humanistic Perspective.” The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, vol. 40, no. 2, 2001, pp. 185–99.
Prescott, Nichole S. “Neepwaaminki/I Am Learning: Education and Native Cultural Identity.” The Theme of Cultural Adaptation in American History, Literature, and Film, edited by Laurence Raw et al. Edwin Mellen P, 2009, pp. 329–44.
Prescott, Nichole S. Survey of 45 Miami Women to Determine Interest in and Reasons for Joining the Myaamia Women’s Council. Miami, Oklahoma: Tribal Longhouse. July 2009. Unpublished.
Reilly, Katie. “Democrats in Kansas, New Mexico Become First Native American Women Elected to Congress.” Time, 7 Nov. 2018, time.com/5446593/sharice-davids-deb-haaland-first-native-american-woman-congress. Accessed 29 July 2020.
Schmidt, Ryan W. “American Indian Identity and Blood Quantum in the 21st Century: A Critical Review.” Journal of Anthropology, vol. 2011, pp. 1–9. Crossref, doi:10.1155/2011/549521. Accessed 7 August 2020.
Sleeper-Smith, Susan. Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690-1792 (Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American ... and the University of North Carolina Press). Illustrated ed., U of North Carolina P, 2018.
Sleeper-Smith, Susan. “Women, Kin, and Catholicism: New Perspectives on the Fur Trade.” Ethnohistory, vol. 47, no. 2, 2000, pp. 423–52.
Sturm, Circe Dawn. Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. First, U of California P, 2002.
Trahant, Mark. “To Those Who Always Imagined Native Women in the Congress.” Indian Country Today, 3 Jan. 2019, indiancountrytoday.com/news/a-tribute-to-those-who-always-imaginednative-women-in-the-congress-XW57l2Lie0Gu2JKnWNqrbA. Accessed 29 July 2020.
Trowbridge, Charles Christopher. Meearmeear Traditions. U of Michigan P, 1938.
Tsosie, Rebecca. “Changing Women: The Cross-Currents of American Indian Feminine Identity.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1–37.
United States, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. Procedures for Establishing That an American Indian Group Exists as an Indian Tribe. Rules and Regulations 9293 and 9294. 25 CFR Part 83. Federal Register. vol. 59, no. 38, 25 February 1994.
Valaskakis, Gail Guthrie. Indian Country: Essays on Contemporary Native Culture (Indigenous Studies). Wilfrid Laurier U P, 2005.
Wilson, Kathleen. The Island Race: Englishness, Empire and Gender in the Eighteenth Century. 1st ed., Routledge, 2003.
Wright, Mary C. “Economic Development and Native American Women in the Early Nineteenth Century.” American Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 5, 1981, pp. 525–536., www.jstor.org/stable/2712801. Accessed 6 August 2020.