Açık Kaynak İstihbaratı ve Askeri İstihbarat

İçerisinde bulunduğumuz bilgi çağında, etkisi ve hacmi giderek genişleyen “Açık Kaynak İstihbaratının” (AKİS) istihbarat analizcileri ve toplayıcıları ile karar vericilere büyük oranda yardım ettiği görülmektedir. Farklı dillerde yayımlanan haber kaynaklarından sosyal medya platformlarına, çevrimiçi haritalardan, sivil toplum örgütleri, diplomatik ve askeri kurumların raporlarına kadar AKİS, bize girift ve mozaik bir yapıda istihbarat sağlama imkânı sunmaktadır. İstihbarat, askerî harekâtın planlama sürecini yönlendiren ve destekleyen en önemli güçtür. Kaynakların verimli şekilde kullanılması maksadıyla askeri istihbarat sağlamada toplama gayretleri uygun şekilde planlanmalı ve her aşamada gözden geçirilmelidir. Hibrit savaş, bilgi harekâtı ve siber alan gibi çeşitli ve belirsiz ortamlar, muharebe sahasını daha karmaşık hale getirmiştir. Bütün bu ortamlara yönelik ihtiyaçları karşılama potansiyeli olan ve oldukça geniş imkânlar sunan AKİS’ten faydalanabilmek önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu makalede AKİS’in potansiyelinden askeri istihbarat alanında yeterince faydalanılmadığı ve AKİS’in askeri istihbaratta faydalanıldığı alanlarda uygun süreç ve yöntemlerden eksik olduğu olmak üzere iki önemli sav üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın amacı AKİS’in uygun metotların uygulanması ve diğer istihbarat disiplinleri ile eşgüdüm halinde kullanılması halinde askeri istihbarat alanında değerli bir disiplin olabileceğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu maksatla öncelikle AKİS ve askeri istihbaratın genel durumu, tarihsel gelişimi, AKİS’in farklı seviyelerde askeri istihbaratta kullanımı ve diğer istihbarat vasıtalarıyla ilişkisi, AKİS süreci, yöntemleri ve uygulamaları incelenmiştir. 

Open-Source Intelligence and Military Intelligence

In the information age we live in, it is seen that open-source intelligence (OSINT), which become increasingly voluminous and effective, sheds light on issues and assists to elaborate and understand them by all intelligence analysts/collectors and decision-makers. From media sources in different languages to social media platforms and online maps to reports of NGOs and diplomatic/military institutes, OSINT provides with means of obtaining intelligence in a grift and mosaic structure. Intelligence is the main driving and supporting force in the planning process of military operations. In order to exploit the sources more effectively military intelligence collection efforts should be planned and reviewed properly. Diverse and ominous environments such as hybrid war, information operations and cyberspace complicated the theatre. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to adequately benefit from OSINT, which has the potential to meet the needs of all these environments and offers a wide range of opportunities. In this article, two main arguments are emphasized, namely that the current potential of OSINT is not adequately benefited in military intelligence and even in the areas OSINT is utilized in military intelligence it lacks appropriate methods and processes. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that OSINT can be a valuable discipline in the field of military intelligence if appropriate methods are applied and used in coordination with other intelligence disciplines. For this purpose, first of all the general situation of OSINT and military intelligence, its development in the historical process, the use of OSINT in military intelligence at different levels and its relationship with other intelligence tools, and finally the OSINT process, methods and applications were examined. 

___

Andrew C. (2018). The secret world: A history of intelligence. Yale Univercity Press. Akad M.T. (2018). Tarihten günümüze istihbarat (1.basım). Kastaş Yayınları.

Appel E. (2011) Internet searches for vetting, Investigations and opensource intelligence. CRC Press.

ATP 2-22.9 Open-Source intelligence. (2012). US Army Headquarters Department of the Army.

ATP 2-01.3 Intelligence preparation of the battlefield (2019). US Army Headquarters Department of the Army.

Bazzell M. (2018). Open source intelligence techniques resources for searching and analyzing online information (6.basım)

Berman E., Felter J. ve Shapıro J. (2018). Small wars big data, Princeton University Press.

Bielska A. (2020). Open source intelligence tools and resources handbook, IIntelligence Press/ABD

Böhm I. ve Lolagar S. (2021). Open source ıntelligence: Introduction, legal an ethical considerations. Springer https://doi.org/10.1365/s43439021-00042-7  

Briggs C.M. ve Matejova M. (2019). Using intelligence and military planning for energy and environmental risks, Cambridge University Press.

Connable B. (2012) Military intelligence fusion for complex operations. RAND Corporation.  

Dokman T. (2020). Open source intelligence (OSINT): Issues and trends. Zagreb Üniversitesi.

Hanley W. (2005). The genesis of napoleonic propaganda. Columbia University Press. Gıbson

H. (2017) OSINT from a UK perspective: Considerations from the law enforcement and military domains. Sheffield Hallam University.

Gill P. ve Phythian M. (2018). Intelligence in an ınsecure world (3. Baskı).  

Gudgin P. (2000). Military intelligence. Phonex Mill: Sutton Pub Ltd.  Hassan N.A. ve Hıjazı R. (2018). Open source intelligence methods and tools. Apress.

Infelise M. (2002). Roman avvisi: information and politics in the seventeenth century. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511496929.010

Joint Military Intelligence Training Center (1996). Open source intelligence professional handbook, DOD Press Oakton. Layton R. ve Watters Paul A. (2016) Automating open source intelligence. Elsevier.

Mercado S.C. (2005). Reexamining the distinction between open ınformation and secrets, Studies in Intelligence. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csipublications/csi-studies/studies.

Mercado S.C. (2010). Sailing the sea of OSINT in the information age, CIA Website Studies in Intelligence Vol. 48, No. 3.

Minas H. (2010). Can the open source intelligence emerge as an indispensable discipline for the intelligence community in the 21st century? RIEAS.

NATO. (2001). Open source ıntelligence handbook  

Özdağ Ü. (2018) İstihbarat teorisi (13. Baskı).

Steele R. (1997). Open source ıntelligence: What is it? Why is it important to the military? Virginia/ABD: Open Source Solutions, Inc.International Public Information Clearinghouse

Steele R. (2004). Special operations forces open source intelligence handbook, OSS Press. The unrealized value of open source intelligence for irregular warfare (https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2018/7/25/the-unrealizedvalue-of-open-source-intelligence-for-irregular-warfare)

US Director of National Intelligence. (2019). National Intelligence Strategy 2019  

US Deparment of the Army (Temmuz-Eylül 2020) Open source intelligence: now more and ever.

US Deparment of the Army (Temmuz-Eylül 2021) Theater intelligence operations in competition.

Wilhelm A. (2012). The next 100 years? Reflections on the future of intelligence. Routledge

Williams H.J. ve BLUM I. (2020). Defining second generation open source intelligence (OSINT) for the defense enterprise. RAND Rapor No:RR1964.

Yıldız G. (2019). Osmanlı Devletinde askeri istihbarat (1. basım). Yeditepe Yayınevi.

Zıółkowska A. (2018). Open source ıntelligence (OSINT) as an element of military recon. War Studies University.