Tavuklarda bağışıklığın artırılmasında besin maddelerinin rolü

Yoğun yetiştirme koşulları altında, kanatlı çevresinde kanatlının bağışıklık sistemine meydan okuyan birçok mikroorganizma bulunur. Tavukların besin maddesi ihtiyacının belirlenmesinde etkili olan faktörlerden biri de tavuğun hastalıklarla mücadele edebilmesidir. Çünkü yetersiz besin maddesi tüketimi kanatlının savunma mekanizmasını da zayıflatır. Günümüz kanatlı yetiştiriciliğinde, beslenme uzmanları kanatlının metabolizması ve immun sisteminin çevresel stres ve hastalıklara karşı ayarlanması ve besin maddesi gereksinimlerini belirli zamanlarda artırılmasına gerek duyulabileceğini farkında olmalıdır. Bu makalenin amacı besin maddelerinin bağışıklık üzerine etkilerini son yayımlanan literatürlerle birlikte gözden geçirmektir.

The role of nutrients in enhancing immunity in chicken

Under intensive farming conditions, the poultry environment contains microorganisms that continuously challenge the bird's immune system. Disease challenge is only one of the many factors that will have an effect on the nutrient requirements of poultry. Insufficient nutrient consumption will reduce the effectiveness of the bird's defense mechanisms. Since the possibility of disease challenge is always present in today's poultry operations, the nutritionist must realize that the bird's metabolism and immune system are constantly adjusting to the stress of environment or disease and nutrient requirements may need to be increased at certain times. The aim of this article to review the effects of nutrients on immunity with data of recently published.

___

  • 1)Aslam, S.M., Garlich, J.D., Qureshi, M.A.: Vitamin D deficiency alters the immune responses of broiler chicks. Poultry Sci., 1998; 77: 842-849.
  • 2)Bartlett, J.R., Smith, M.O.: Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Poultry Sci., 2003; 82: 1580-1588.
  • 3)Boa-Amponsem, K., Price, S.E., Geraert, .PA., Picard, M., Siegel, P.B.: Antibody responses of hens fed vitamin E and passively acquired antibodies of their chicks. Avian Dis., 2001; 45:122-127.
  • 4. Coşkun, B., inal F., Çelik, I., Erganis, O., Tiftik, A.M., Kurtoglu, F., Kuyucuoglu, Y., Ok U. Effects of dietary levels of vitamin A on the egg yield and immune responses of laying hens. Poultry Sci., 1998: 77: 542-546.
  • 5)Deng, K., Wong, C.W., Nolan, J.V.: Long-term effects of early life L-arginine supplementation on growth performance, lymphoid organs and immune responses in Leghorn-type chickens. Br. Poult. Sci,, 2005; 46:318- 324
  • 6)Digby, S.N., Revell, D.K., Hughes, B.J.: Can nutritional manipulation enhance immune competence in broiler chickens? Asia Pac J Clin Nutr., 2003; 12:S58.
  • 7)Gruys, E., Toussaint, M.J.M., Niewold, T.A., Koopmans, S.J.: Acute phase reactions and acute phase proteins J. of Zheijang Uni. Sci., 2005; 11: 1045-1056.
  • 8)Hale, L.L., Pharr G.T., Burgess, S.C., Corzo, A., Kidd, M.T.: Isoleucine needs of thirty- to forty-day-old female chickens: immunity. Poultry Sci., 2004, 83: 1979-1985.
  • 9)Hershko, C. Iron, infection and immun function. Proc.of Nutr. Soc, 1993; 52: 165-174.
  • 10)Kidd, M.T., Ferket, P.R., Qureshi, M.A.: Zinc metabolism with special reference to its role in immunity. World's Poultry Sci. J., 1996; 52:309-324.
  • 11)Kidd, M.T.: Nutritional modulation of immune function in broilers. Poultry Sci., 2004; 83:650-657.
  • 12)Konjufca, V.K., Bottje, W.G., Bersi, T.K., Erf, G.F.: Influence of dietary vitamin E on phagocytic functions of macrophages in broilers. Poultry Sci., 2004; 83:1530-1534.
  • 13)Konashi, S., Takahashi, K., Akiba, Y. Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr., 2000; 83: 449-456.
  • 14)Konopatov, IuV. Cobalt and immunogenesis in birds. Doklady Akademi nauk, 1992; 322:806-808.
  • 15)Latshaw, J.D.: Nutrition- mechanisms of immunosuppression. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 1991; 30: 11-120.
  • 16)Lessard, M., Hutchings, D., Cave, NA. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens maintained on diets containing different levels of vitamin A. Poultry Sci., 1997; 76:1368-1378.
  • 17)Lin, H., Wang, L.F., Song, J.L., Xie, Y.M., Yang, Q.M.: Effect of dietary supplemental levels of vitamin A on the egg production and immune responses of heat-stressed laying hens. Poultry Sci., 2002,81:458-465.
  • 18)Mashaly, M.M., Heetkamp, M.J., Parmentier, H.K., Schrama, J.W.: Influence of genetic selection for antibody production against sheep blood cells on energy metabolism in laying hens. Poultry Sci., 2000; 79: 514-24.
  • 19)McCorkle, F., Taylor, R., Stinson, R., Day, E.J., Glick, B.: The effects of a megalevel of vitamin C on the immune response of the chicken.Poultry Sci., 1980; 59:1324-1329.
  • 20)McMurray, D.N.: Cell mediated immunity in nutritional deficiency. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci., 1984; 8:193-228.
  • 21)Nockels, C. F. Vitamin needs increase during stress, disease. Poultry Digest, 1989; May, pp. 218-226.
  • 22)Pardue, S.L., Thaxton, J.P., Brake, J.: Role of ascorbic acid in chicks exposed to high environmental temperature. J. of Appl Physiol., 1985; 58:1511-1516.
  • 23)Parmentier, H.K., Awati, A., Nieuwland, M.G., Schrama, J.W., Sijben, J.W.: Different sources of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on antibody responses in chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 2002; 43: 533-544.
  • 24)Rama Rao, S.V., Praharaj, N.K., Ramasubba Reddy, V., Panda, A.K.: Interaction between genotype and dietary concentrations of methionine for immune function in commercial broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 2003; 44: 104-112.
  • 25)Rao, S.V., Praharaj, N.K., Reddy, M.R., Sridevi, B.: Immune competence, resistance to Escherichia coli and growth in male broiler parent chicks fed different levels of crude protein. Vet. Res. Commun., 1999; 23: 323-326.
  • 26)Rama Rao, S.V., Satyanarayana Reddy, P.V.V., Ravindra Reddy, V., Reedy, P.S. Effect of early restriction of protein and energy on performans of broiler chickens. Cherion, 1990; 19: 1477-1452.
  • 27)Stabel, J.R., Spears J.R.: Effect of copper on immune function and disease resistance In: Cu bioavalibility and metabolism. Ed. Kies, C. Plenum Publishing, New York, 1990, 243-252.
  • 28)Swain, B.K., Johri, T.S., Majumdar, S.: Effect of supplementation of vitamin E, selenium and their different combinations on the performance and immune response of broilers.Br. Poult. Sci., 2000; 41:287-292.
  • 29)Virden, W.S., Yeatman, J.B., Barbe, SJ., Willeford, K.O., Ward, T.L., Fakler, T.M., Kidd, M.T.: Immune system and cardiac functions of progeny chicks from dams fed diets differing in zinc and manganese level and source. Poultry Sci., 2004; 83:344-351.
  • 30)Wang, Y.W., Field, C.J., Sim, J.S. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids alter lymphocyte subset proportion and proliferation, serum immunoglobulin G concentration, and immune tissue development in chicks. Poultry Sci., 2000; 79:1741-1748.
  • 31)Wu, C.C., Dorairajan, T., Lin, T.L.: Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the immune response of chicken vaccinated with infectious bursal disease virus. Vet. Immunol Immunopatol., 2000; 74: 145-152