KARŞILAŞTIRMALI HUKUK VE KULLANICILARI

Geçtiğimiz yıllarda karşılaştırmalı hukuka yönelik işlevsel yaklaşımın, hukukun uygulandığı toplumun sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve siyasi yapısıyla iç içe geçen karakteri gerekçe gösterilerek çeşitli şekillerde eleştirildiği görülmüştür. Bu makalede ise araştırma yapılırken kullanılacak yöntemin çoğulluğu üzerinde durulmuş ve karşılaştırmalı hukuk araştırmasına başvuran “kullanıcıların” ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek yöntemin seçilmesinin isabetli olacağı ileri sürülmüştür. Bu yönde öncelikle karşılaştırmalı hukuk araştırmasının gelişimindeki çeşitli aşamalar üzerinde durulmuştur: yabancı bir hukuk hakkında bilgi edinme amacıyla yapılan araştırmalar, hukuk sistemlerinin ortak kaynağını keşfetme amacıyla yapılan çalışmalar, iç hukukun gelişmesinde örnek alınacak model hukuk enstrümanlarının ortaya konulması amacıyla yapılan çalışmalar, hukukun yeknesaklaştırılması ve son olarak ortak metinlerin yeknesak uygulamasının sağlanması amacıyla yapılan çalışmalar. Makalede daha sonra karşılaştırmalı hukuk araştırması yapılırken benimsenecek yönteme şekil veren farklı kullanıcılar üzerinde durulmuştur: akademisyenler, avukatlar, mahkemeler, kanun koyucular, yeknesaklaştırma faaliyetini yürüten organizasyonlar vb. Her bir grubun karşılaştırmalı hukuktan beklentisinin farklı olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu kullanıcıların büyük bir çoğunluğunun hukukun söz konusu ülkedeki uygulamasıyla ilgilendiğini söylemek mümkün olmakla birlikte bazı kullanıcılar tarafından hukukun sosyal, ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel boyutlarının incelenmesinin de talep edildiği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

karşılaştırmalı hukuk, hukuk metodolojisi, yöntem, yeknesaklaştırma, yabancı hukuk, işlevsel yaklaşım

COMPARATIVE LAW AND ITS CLIENTS

Over the years, the so-called functional approach to comparison has att- racted much criticism from authors stressing the embeddedness of legal rules and institutions in a given legal system, and its intertwining with the characte- ristics of a specific society, economy, culture and political system. This article advocates a pluralism of methods and selection of the method of enquiry in accordance with the demand of those who intend to make use of comparative knowledge (“the clients”). Therefore, it sheds light upon its development over several stages: the aim to obtain knowledge about a foreign nation, to discover the common core of legal systems, to search for a model guiding the develop- ment of domestic law, to prepare uniform law instruments and to maintain or restore uniformity. The Article then focuses on the demand side; the various clients who shape the proper method of comparative inquiry: scholars, practiti- oners, courts, legislators, unification agencies etc. For each group, a specific type of demand for comparative law can be ascertained. Many of these custo- mers are interested in the black letter law of foreign as applied in those count- ries in practice. In some instances, the demand extends to the social, econo- mic, political and cultural environment of the law.

Keywords:

comparative law, legal methodology, unification of law, fore- ign law, functional approach,

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