Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü’ne (NATO) Karşı Siber Tehditler ve Seçilmiş Yanıtlar

Bu makale, Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Teşkilatı (NATO), NATO üyeleri ve NATO’nun bazı siber tehlikeler ile ilgili yaptığı müdahalelere karşı yapılan benzeşmeyen, farklı siber tehditlere odaklanmaktadır. Bunu yapmadan önce, makale, siber tehlikeler ile ilgili çeşitli tanımlamalar ve belirlemeler anlatmaktadır. Daha sonra, makale, siber tehditlerin doğası ve çeşitleri ile ilgili geniş kapsamlı bir tartışma ortaya koymaktadır. Akabinde, makalede, taarruzi siber tedbirler arayışındaki bireyler, organizasyonlar ve milletler çeşitleri ile ilgili bir tartışma yer almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

NATO, siber terörizm, siber ispiyonculuk, siber savaş, siber suç.

Cyber Threats Against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Selected Responses

This article focuses on the disparate cyber threats against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), its members, and selected NATO responses to such perils. Prior to doing so, the article shares various definitions and designations of cyber dangers. Next, the piece provides an in-depth discussion of the nature and types of cyber threats. Subsequently, a discussion of the types of individuals, organizations, and nations pursuing offensive cyber measures takes place.

Keywords:

NATO, cyber terrorism, cyber espionage, cyber warfare, cyber crime,

PDF

___

Albanesius, C. (2011, July 21). Anonymous: We hacked NATO. PC Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2388823,00.asp
Alexander, D. (2010, July). The radicalization of extremists/terrorists - why it affects you. Security Magazine. Retrieved from http://digital.bnpmedia.com/publication/?i=41296&p=42
Amoroso, E. (2010). Cyber Attacks: Protecting National Infrastructure. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Anderson, R. (n.d.). Countering state-sponsored cyber attacks: Who should lead? Information as power. Army War College. Retrieved from http://www.csl.army.mil/usacsl/Publications/infoaspowervol2/IAP2%20-%20Section%20Two%20%28Anderson%29.pdf
(2011, June 21). Anonymous target Spanish national police website after hacker arrests. www.huffingtonpost.com Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/12/anonymous-spain-police-website-hacker-arrests_n_875527.html
Apps, P. (2012, Feb. 3). Cyber security specialist: disagreements over hacking risk could mean digital ‘cold war’. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/03/cyber-security-risk_n_1252889.html
Ashmore, W. (2009, May 21). Impact of alleged Russian cyber attacks. US Army Command and General Staff College. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA504991
Avlon, J. (2009, Oct. 20). The growing cyberthreat. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/20/digital-warfare-cyber-security-opinions-contributors-john-p-avlon.html
Ball, J. (2011, Sept. 2). Wikileaks publishes full cache of unreduced cables. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/sep/02/wikileaks-publishes-cache-unredacted-cables
Baocun, W. and Fei, L. (1995, June 13/20). Information Warfare. Chinese Academy of Military Science. Retrieved from http://www.fas.org/irp/world/china/docs/iw_wang.htm
Bohn, K. and Todd, B. (2008, Nov. 6). Obama, McCain campaigns’ hacked for policy data. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/11/06/campaign.computers.hacked/
Botnets: The new threat landscape white paper. (n.d.). Cisco. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns340/ns394/ns171/ns441/networking_solutions_whitepaper0900aecd8072a537.html
Bradbury, D. (2009, Feb. 4). The fog of cyberwar. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/feb/05/ kyrgyzstan-cyberattack-internet-access
British Muslim computer geek, son of diplomat, revealed as al Qaeda’s top cyber terrorist. (2008, Jan. 16). Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-508543/British-Muslim-geek-son-diplomat-revealed-al-Qaedas-cyber-terrorist.html
Bucci, S. (2009, June 12). The confluence of cyber crime and terrorism. Lecture #1123, Heritage Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/the-confluence-of-cyber-crime-and-terrorism
Carr, J. (2011, Aug. 12). What is cyberwar? Slate.com. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2011/08/what_is_cyberwar.html
Charvart, P. Cyber terrorism: A new dimension in battlespace. (n.d.). NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence, Centre of Excellence. Retrieved from http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/virtualbattlefield/05_CHARVAT_Cyber%20Terrorism.pdf
China gone cyber-wild – cyber attacks by China. (2011, Sept. 23). Retrieved from http://uscyberlabs.com/blog/2011/09/23/china-cyber-wild-cyber-attacks-china/
Chinese cyber-attacks: Hello, Unit 61398. (2013, Feb. 19). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/ 2013/02/chinese-cyber-attacks
Choinere, P. (2012, Mar. 11). Lieberman warns of a cyber 9/11. Retrieved from http://www.theday.com/article/20120311/OP04/303119943
Clapper, J. (2012, Jan. 31). Unclassified statement for the record on the worldwide threat assessment of the US intelligence community for the Senate Select Intelligence Committee. Senate Select Intelligence Committee, at 3. Retrieved from http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/120131/clapper.pdf
Context Information Security. (2012, Mar.). Crouching tiger, hidden dragon, stolen data. Retrieved from http://www.contextis.co.uk/
Conway, M. (n.d.). Hackers as terrorists? Why it does not compute. Computer Fraud & Security. Retrieved from http://www.arifyildirim.com/ilt510/maura.conway.pdf
Cyber attacks against US government growing at rapid pace (n.d.). Secure128.com. Retrieved from http://www.secure128.com/cyber-attacks-against-us-government-growing-at-rapid-pace.aspx
(2011, June 10). Cyber defence: Next steps. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SIDFF200A97 BAB17CB7/natolive/news_75358.htm?selectedLocale=en
Cyber Security: a Part 3 Definition. (n.d.). Palo Alto Networks. Retrieved from http://www.paloaltonetworks.com/community/learning-center/what-is-cyber-security.html
Daly, J. (2007, June 5). LTTE: Technologically innovative rebels. ISN Eth Zurich. Retrieved from http://isn.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Articles/ Detail/?ots783=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id =53217
(n.d.). Defending against cyber attacks. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/ 75747.htm
(2011). Defending the Networks: The NATO Policy on Cyber Defence. NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Retrieved from www.nato.int/nato.../20111004_110914-policy-cyberdefence.pdf
Definition of cyberwarfare (n.d.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cyberwarfare
Denning, D. (2009). Terror’s web: How the Internet is transforming terrorism. Handbook on Internet Crime (Y. Jewkes and M. Yar, eds.), Willan Publishing. Retrieved from http://faculty.nps.edu/dedennin/publications/Denning-TerrorsWeb.pdf
Duell, M. (2012, Feb. 3). 'What about McDonald's in the Pentagon?: Extraordinary top secret call between FBI and Scotland Yard 'tapped' by Anonymous. Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2096035/Secret-FBI-Scotland-Yard-tapped-Anonymous--trying-catch.html
Estonia fines man for ‘cyber war.’ (2008, Jan. 25). BBC news, Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7208511.stm
Evans. M. et al. (2012, Apr. 12). Two arrested after hackers attacked anti-terror hotline. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9201621/Two-arrested-after-hackers-attacked-anti-terror-hotline.html
Examining the cyber threat to critical infrastructure and the American economy. (2011, Mar. 16). Subcommittee on cyber security, infrastructure protection, and security technologies, Committee on homeland security, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg72221/html/CHRG-112hhrg72221.htm
Executive order - - Improving critical infrastructure cybersecurity. (2013, Feb. 12). Office of the Press Office, White House. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/executive-order-improving-critical-infrastructure-cybersecurity
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2012, May 11). Economic espionage: how to spot a possible insider threat. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2012/may/insider_051112/insider_051112
(2011, Oct.). Foreign spies stealing U.S. economic secrets in cyberspace. Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncix.gov/publications/reports/fecie_all/Foreign_Economic_Collection_2011.pdf
Fox News. (2011, Aug. 3). Massive global cyberattack targeting U.S., U.N. discovered; experts blame China. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/08/03/massive-global-cyberattack-targeting-us-un-discovered-experts-blame-china/
Germany, W. (2012, Feb. 29). What is ‘Anonymous’ and How Does it Operate? Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved from http://www.rferl.org/content/explainer_what_is_anonymous_and_how_does_it_operate/24500381.html
Glenny, M. (2010, May 24). The countdown to cybergeddon. FT.com. Retrieved from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/47b390e4-66ca-11df-aeb1-00144feab49a.html#axzz2T6t8My9N
Goldman, D. (2011, July 28). China v. U.S.: The cyber cold war is raging. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2011/07/28/technology /government_hackers/index.htm
Gorman, S. et al. (2009, Apr. 21). Computer spies breach fighter-jet project. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027491029837401.html.html
Graham, D. (2010). Cyber threats and the laws of war. 4 Journal of national security law and policy 84. Retrieved from http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/07_Graham.pdf
Grauman, B. (2012, Feb.). Cyber-security: the vexed question of global rules. Retrieved from http://www.securitydefenceagenda.org/Contentnavigation/Library/Libraryoverview/tabid/1299/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/3064/SDA-cybersecurity-report.aspx
Hale, J. (2010, May 23). NATO official: cyber attack systems proliferating. Defense News. Retrieved from http://www.defensenews.com/article/20100323/DEFSECT04/3230304/NATO-Official-Cyber-Attack-Systems-Proliferating
Healey, J. & Van Bochoven. (n.d.). NATO cyber capabilities: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Atlantic Council. Retrieved from http://www.acus.org/publication/natos-cyber-capabilities-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow
Hellman, Z. (2012, Feb. 22). Hackers or terrorists. Jpost.com.Retrieved from http://m.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=86258350&cat=2
(2012, Mar. 11). Hidden Chinese Hackers Crouching Dragon, Stolen Data. Cyber War Zone Retrieved from http://www.cyberwarzone.com/cyberwarfare/hidden-chinese-hackers-crouching-dragon-stolen-data?page=4
Hoffman, S. (2011, Aug. 1). Anonymous hackers target FBI cybersecurty [sic] contractor Mantech. www.crn.com. Retrieved from http://www.crn.com/news/security/231003077/anonymous-hackers-target-fbi-cybersecurty-contractor-mantech.htm
Hoffman, S. (2011, Sept. 2). 10 biggest cyber attacks in August. www.crn.com Retrieved from http://www.crn.com/slide-shows/security/ 231600608/10-biggest-cyber-attacks-in-august.htm?pgno=4
Hopkins, N. (2012, Mar. 10). China suspected of facebook attack on Nato’ s supreme allied commander. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/11/china-spies-facebook-attack-nato
Hosenball, M. and Zengerle, P. (2013, Mar. 12). Cyber attacks leading threat against U.S.: Spy agencies. Reuters.com. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/12/us-usa-threats-idUSBRE92B0LS20130312
Insider security threats: State CIOs take action now. (2007). National Association of Chief Information Officers of States. Retrieved from http://www.nascio.org/publications/documents/NASCIO-InsiderSecurityThreats.pdf
Jajodia, S. et al. (1999, Apr.). Surviving information warfare attacks. Mitre. Retrieved from http://www.mitre.org/work/best_papers/ 99/jajodia_surviving/jajodia_surviving.pdf
Jones, T. (2012, Apr. 2). Anonymous again targets Czech ruling party. Czechposition.com. Retrieved from http://www.ceskapozice.cz/en/news/politics-policy/anonymous-again-targets-czech-ruling-party
Kempf, A. (2011, Mar. 24). Considerations for NATO strategy on collective cyber defense. Center for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved from http://csis.org/blog/considerations-nato-strategy-collective-cyber-defense
Kirk, J. (2007, May 17). Estonia recovers from massive denial-of-service attack. Infoworld. Retrieved from http://www.infoworld.com/d/security-central/estonia-recovers-massive-denial-service-attack-188 (hereinafter Kirk 2007)
Kirk, J. (2008, July 4). Lithuania: Attacks focused on hosting company. PC World. Retrieved from http://www.pcworld.com/article/147960/ article.html (hereinafter Kirk 2008)
Kovacs, E. (2012, Apr. 3). Site of NATO Croatia hacked and defaced by TeaMp0ison. Softpedia. Retrieved from http://news.softpedia.com/news/ Site-of-NATO-Croatia-Hacked-and-Defaced-by-TeaMp0isoN-262429.shtml
Kretsinger, Sony hacker Recrusion, jailed for year. (2013, Apr. 13). BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-22214506
Krupnick, S. (2011, Aug. 16). Freedom fighters or vandals? No consensus on Anonymous. Contra Costa Times. Retrieved from http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_18686764
Lewis, J. (2002, Dec.). Assessing the risks of cyber terrorism, cyber war, and other cyber threats. Center for Strategic and International Studies at 9.Retrieved from http://www.steptoe.com/publications/231a.pdf
Lewis, J. (2012, Mar. 10). How spies used to steal Nato chief’s details, Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/ 9136029/How-spies-used-Facebook-to-steal-Nato-chiefs-details.html
(2010, Nov. 20). Lisbon summit declaration. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_68828.htm
Lithuanian tax office website hit by cyber attack. (2008, July 21). Reuters. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/21/ lithuania-web-attacks-idUSMAR14153920080721
Mackey, R., (2009, Feb. 9). Are ‘cyber-militias’ attacking Kyrgyzstan? NY Times. Retrieved from http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/ are-cyber-militias-attacking-kyrgyzstan/
Markoff, J. (2008, Aug. 13). Before the gunfire, cyberattacks. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/technology/13cyber.html
Masters, J. (2011, May 23). Confronting the cyber threat. Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounder. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/ technology-and-foreign-policy/confronting-cyber-threat/p15577
McAfee. (2009). In the Crossfire: Critical Infrastructure in the Age of Cyber War. Retrieved from http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports /rp-in-crossfire-critical-infrastructure-cyber-war.pdf
McCusker, R. (2006). Transnational organised cyber crime: distinguishing threat from reality. Crime, Law and Social Change, 46 (4-5), pp. 257-273. Retrieved from http://tees.openrepository.com/tees/ bitstream/10149/115450/2/115450.pdf
McGee, J. (2011, July 8). NATO and Cyber Defense: A Brief Overview and Recent Events. Center for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved from http://csis.org/blog/nato-and-cyber-defense-brief-overview-and-recent-events
Moore, D. et al. (2003, July/Aug.). Inside the slammer worm. IEEE Security & Privacy, at 33. Retrieved from http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~savage/papers/IEEESP03.pdf
Mueller III, R. (2012, Mar. 1). Speech at RSA cyber security conference. FBI press release. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/combating-threats-in-the-cyber-world-outsmarting-terrorists-hackers-and-spies
Murphy, D. (2011, June 19). Three reasons to fear Lulzsec: Sites, skills, and slant. PC Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2387219,00.asp
Nakashima, E. (2011, July 21). Anonymous claimed it hacked NATO web site, tells FBI we’re back. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-07-21/world/35266809_1_ anonymous-claims-richard-stiennon-hackers-group
Nakashima, E. (2012, Mar. 7). China testing cyber-attack capabilities, report says, Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost .com/world/national-security/china-testing-cyber-attack-capabilities-report-says/2012/03/07/gIQAcJwDyR_story. html
(2012, May 10). NATO and cyber defence. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-D356AF5A-950BFC5F/natolive/topics_78170.htm
(2011, Nov. 17). NATO: getting serious about cyber security. Defense Management. Retrieved from http://www.defencemanagement.com/feature_story.asp?id=18166
(2012, March 13). NATO rapid reaction team to fight cyber attack. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_85161.htm
(2011, Dec. 5). NATO under cyber attack, 50+ sites hacked by pak cyber combat squad. Retrieved from http://www.voiceofgreyhat.com/2011/12/nato-under-cyber-attack-50-sites-hacked.html
Newton, S. (2001, Nov.). Can cyberterrorists actually kill people? SANS Institute. Retrieved from http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers /warfare/cyberterrorists-kill-people_820
Olsen, K. (2009, July 9). Massive cyber attack knocked out government websites starting on July 4th. Retrieved fromhttp://www.huffingtonpost .com/2009/07/07/massive-cyber-attack-knoc_n_227483.html
Ottis, R. & P. Lorents. (n.d.). Cyberspace: definition and implications. Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, Tallinn, Estonia. Retrieved from www.ccdcoe.org/articles/.../Ottis_Lorents_CyberspaceDefinition.pdf
Paganini, P. (n.d.). The rise of cyber weapons and relative impact of cyber space. Infosec Institute Resources. Retrieved from http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/the-rise-of-cyber-weapons-and-relative-impact-on-cyberspace/
Pellerin, C. (2011, Sept. 14). Panetta: Regional defense, cyber highlight AUSMIN talks. American Forces Press Service. Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=65337
PKK attacks Turkey’s finance ministry website. (2011, Nov. 9)Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from http://www.todayszaman.com/news-262152--pkk-attacks-turkeys-finance-ministry-website.html
(2011, June 23). Probable data breach from a NATO-related site. NATO. Retrieved from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_ 75729.htm
Puran, R. (2003, Feb. 28). Beyond conventional terrorism … the cyber assault. SANS Institute. Retrieved from http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/threats/conventional-terrorismthe-cyber-assault_931
Rafter, M. (2010). New security risks from USB flash drives. Norton. Retrieved from http://us.norton.com/yoursecurityresource/detail.jsp? aid=usbdrives
Rhodin, S. (2008, July 1). Hackers tag Lithuanian website with Soviet symbols. NY Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/world/europe/01baltic.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=lithuania&st=nyt&oref=slogin
Riley, M. & J. Walcott. (2011, Dec. 12). China-based hacking of 760 companies shows cyber cold war. Businessweek. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-22/china-based-hacking-of-760-companies-shows-cyber-cold-war.html
Rogin, J. (2010, Jan. 22). The top 10 Chinese cyber attacks that we know of. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/ posts/2010/01/22/the_top_10_chinese_cyber_attacks_that_we_know_of
Rollins, J. and Wilson, C. (2007, Jan. 22). Terrorist capabilities for cyberattack: Overview and policy issues. Congressional research service. Retrieved from http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB424/ docs/Cyber-024.pdf
Savage, C. (2013, Feb. 28). Soldiers admits providing files to WikiLeaks. NY Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/us/bradley-manning-admits-giving-trove-of-military-data-to-wikileaks.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Schwartz, M. (2011, June 16). LulzSec claims credit for CIA site takedown. Information Week. Retrieved from http://www.informationweek.com/security/cybercrime/lulzsec-claims-credit-for-cia-site-taked/230800019
Schwartz, M. (2011, June 27). LulzSec hackers retire: time to rethink risk. Information Week. http://www.informationweek.com/security /attacks/lulzsec-hackers-retire-time-to-rethink-r/231000472
Silicon Republic. (2012, Jan. 9). Anonymous attack reveals US, UK and Nato email passwords. Retrieved from http://www.siliconrepublic.com/ strategy/item/25247-anonymous-attack-reveals-us
Snow, G. (2011, Sept. 11). Statement before the House Financial Services Committee. Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/cyber-security-threats-to-the-financial-sector
Snow, G. (2011, Apr. 12). Statement before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism, at 3. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/cybersecurity-responding-to-the-threat-of-cyber-crime-and-terrorism
Social engineering using a USB drive. (n.d.). Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from http://www.cmu.edu/iso/aware/be-aware/ usb.html
Spiegel Online International. (n.d.). WikiLeaks Diplomatic Cables. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/international/topic/ wikileaks_diplomatic_cables/
Sterner, E. (2012, Apr.). The paradox of cyber protest. Marshall Policy Institute Outlook. Retrieved from http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/1087.pdf
Tafoya, W. (2011, Nov.). Cyber Terror. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/november-2011/cyber-terror
Taliharm, A.M. (2010, Fall). Cyberterrorism: In theory or in practice? Defence Against Terrorism Review. 3 (2). pp. 59-71. Retrieved from http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr6/DATR_Fall2010.pdf
Thachuk, K. (2008, Spring). Countering terrorist support structures. Defence Against Terrorism Review. 1 (1), pp. 13-28. Retrieved from http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr/02.Kimberley%20THACHUK.pdf
Three admit inciting terror acts. (2007, July 4). BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6268934.stm
Tikk, E. et al. (2008, Nov.). Cyber attacks against Georgia: Legal lessons identified. Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. Retrieved from http://www.carlisle.army.mil/DIME/documents/Georgia%201%200.pdf
Tikk, E. et al. (2010). International cyber incidents legal considerations. Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. Retrieved from http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/books/legalconsiderations.pdf
Traynor, I. (2007, May 16). Russia accused of unleashing cyberwar to disable Estonia. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/17/topstories3.russia
UN Office on Drugs and Crime. (2012, Sept.). The use of the Internet for terrorism purposes. Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/documents/ frontpage/Use_of_Internet_for_Terrorist_Purposes.pdf
U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, Cyber Operations and Cyber Terrorism Handbook. No. 1.02, P.II-1 and II-3. (2005, Aug. 15). Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army/guidterr/ sup2.pdf
Wagensall, P. (2011, Feb. 16). Cyberwarfare called the fifth domain of battle by pentagon. Technewsdaily.com. Retrieved from http://www.technewsdaily.com/6620-cyberwarfare-called-fifth-domain-of-battle-by-pentagon.html
War in the fifth domain. (2010, July 1). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/16478792
War of the worms: cyber-attacks pose increasing danger to Israeli society (n.d.). Wharton. Retrieved from http://kw.wharton.upenn.edu/israel/war-of-the-worms-cyber-attacks-pose-increasing-danger-to-israeli-security/
War redefined. (2008, Aug. 17). LA Times. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/17/opinion/ed-cyberwar17
Waugh, R. (2011, Dec. 29). Computer hackers ‘could bring rail network to a standstill’ warns security expert – but would we even notice? Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2079449/Computer-hackers-bring-rail-network-standstill-warns-security-expert--notice.html
Whitlock, C. and Hsu, S. (2007, July 6). Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/ 07/05/AR2007070502120.html
Wilson, C. (2008, Jan. 29). Botnets, cybercrime, and cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and policy issues for Congre ss. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/ rl32114.pdf
Wilson, C. (2005, Apr. 1). Computer attack and cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and policy issues for Congre ss. Congressional Research Service at 20. Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/computerattack.htm