Örgütsel Çeviklik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Bu araştırmanın amacı Sharifi ve Zhang (1999) tarafından geliştirilen Örgütsel Çeviklik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanmasıdır. Çeviklik literatürde üretim sürecinde örgütsel çeviklik ise teknoloji ve çevreye uyum sağlama sürecinde rol oynayan önemli bir faktör olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle işletmenin iç ve dış değişimlere uyum sağlaması bu sayede varlığını sürdürmesi için farklı değişkenlere ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu değişkenlerle ilişkili geniş araştırma yelpazesini tanımlatacak aracı değişkenler için gelecekteki araştırmalarda kullanılmak üzere Örgütsel Çeviklik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye adaptasyonu önemli olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Araştırma Manisa ve İzmir ilinde faaliyet gösteren KOBİ ve Teknopark firmalarında iş gören ve farklı kademelerdeki yöneticiler arasında üç farklı örneklem ile yürütülmüştür. Ölçek uyarlama süreci Brislin geri çeviri prosedürü takip edildi. Araştırma bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması olduğu için öncelikle dil geçerliği için biri daha önce ölçek geliştirme konusunda deneyimli olan İngilizceye hâkim iki akademisyen tarafından Türkçeye uyarlaması yapılmıştır ve bu işlemin ardından ilk tercümeyi yapanlardan farklı İngilizceye hâkim iki akademisyen tarafından tekrar İngilizce ve Türkçe çevirisi yapılmıştır. Dil geçerliği sağlandıktan sonra ölçeğin yapı geçerliği ve güvenirlik analizi incelenmiştir. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini belirlemek için öncelikle Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmış, ölçek orijinaldeki gibi 4 faktörlü çıkmış fakat uyum değerleri kabul edilen değer aralığında çıkmadığı için Keşfedici Faktör Analiz(KFA) yapılmış ve KMO 0,895 ve Barlett testi χ2 değeri ise 1668,129(p<001) olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca toplam varyansın % 64,53’ünü açıklayan dört faktörlü bir yapı elde edilmiştir. KFA’dan elde edilen madde-faktör yapısının doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile model uyumu tekrar test edilmiştir. Buna göre Örgütsel Çeviklik Ölçeği’nin dört faktörlü yapısının doğrulandığı görülmüştür (X2=211,866, sd=110, p=.000, X2/sd=1.92). Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) uyum indekslerine bakıldığında RMSEA= 0,05, NFI=0,96, GFI= 0,92 ve AGFI= 0,90 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin güvenirliğini belirlemek için yapılan toplam iç tutarlılık katsayısının α=.92, yetkinlik boyutunun α=.84, esneklik boyutunun α=.81, cevap verme boyutunun α=.74 ve hız boyutunun ise α=.85 olduğu ve ölçeğin iç tutarlılığa sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular Örgütsel Çeviklik Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun kabul edilebilir değerlerde güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Örgütsel Çeviklik, Güvenirlik, Geçerlilik, Faktör Analizi, Ölçek Uyarlama

Adaptation to Turkish of Organizational Agility Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity Study

The purpose of this study is to adapt Organizational Agility Questionnaire developed by Sharifi and Zhang (1999) to the Turkish. In the literature, agility is defined as an important factor playing a role in the production process while organizational agility is defined as an important factor playing a role in the process of adaptation to technology and the environment. Enterprises should adapt to both internal and external changes and by this way, they may maintain their presence. For this reason, to be used in different variants and a wide range of related research, the adaptation of the Organizational Agility Questionnaire to Turkish is important. The research was conducted with three different samples including employees and managers who work in SMEs and Technopark firms operating in Manisa and İzmir. Since the study is a questionnaire adaptation, first of all, for the validity of language, the adaptation of the questionnaire was done by two academicians one of whom was experienced in the adaptation of questionnaire before and after that translation of questionnaire Turkish and English was done by two different academicians mentioned above. After validating the language, the validity and reliability analysis of the questionnaire were examined. Firstly, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done in order to determine the construct of the questionnaire; the results showed that the questionnaire has 4 factors the same as the original. Since goodness-of-fit index of the CFA was not in the acceptable range, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed. The results of the EFA analysis showed that KMO value was .895, Bartlett test χ2 value was 1668,129 (p <.001). In addition, four-factor structure was obtained that describes the 64,53% of the total variance. Item-factor structure obtained from the EFA analysishas been tested for compliance with a model by the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Based on this, four-factor structure of the Organizational Agility questionnaire has been validated (X2=211,866, df=110, p=.000, X2/df=1.92). Goodness-of-fit indexices of the results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed that goodness-of-fit values are in the acceptable range ( RMSEA=.005, NFI=.96, GFI=.92, AGFI=.90). All constructs obtained Cronbach Alpha(α) greater than 0.7. The coefficient of the total internal consistency was found α=.92, competency dimension was α=.84, flexibility dimension was α=.81, responsiveness dimension was α=.74 and quickness dimension was α=.85 in the questionnaire which determined there liability of the questionnaire and showed that questionnaire had internal consistency. The results of the EFA analysis and CFA analysis applied for adaptation of Organizational Agility questionnaire to the Turkish, it can be said that the questionnaire is a reliable and valid measurement tool.

Keywords:

Organizational Agility, Reliability, Validity, Factor Analysis, Scale Adaptation,

PDF

___

Almahamid, S., Awwad, A. ve McAdams, A. C. (2010). Effects of Organizational Agility and Knowledge Sharing on Competitive Advantage: An Empirical Study in Jordan. International Journal of Management, 27(3), 387-404
Bahrami, M. A., Kiani, M. M., Montazeralfaraj, R., Zadeh, H. F. ve Zadeh, M. M. (2016). The mediating role of organizational learning in the relationship of organizational intelligence and organizational agility. Osong public health and research perspectives, 7(3), 190-196.
Banihashemi, S. A. ve Sarani, A. (2012). Assessment of organizational agility in cement industry. African Journal of Business Management, 6(27), 8055-8064
Barreto, I. (2010), Dynamic capabilities: A review of past research and an agenda for the future. Journal of Management, 36(1): 256-280.
Becker, M. C.ve Knudsen, T. (2005). The role of routines in reducing pervasive uncertainty. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), ss. 746-757.
Bozkurt, V. ve Baştürk, Ş. (2009). Kobi Girişimcilerinde Risk Ve Belirsizlik Algıları: Bursa Örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 64(02), ss.43-74.
Brislin, R., Lonner W. ve Thorndike, R. (1973). Cross-Cultural Research Methods, New York: John Wiley.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve uygulamada eğitim yönetimi, 32(32), ss.470-483.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Ankara, Pegem A Yayıncılık.
Büyüköztürk, Ş.(2009). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Onuncu Baskı, Pegem Akademi, Ankara.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS, Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. New York, Routlege Taylor ve Francis Group.
Christopher, M. (2000). The Agile Supply Chain, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 29, No.1, ss. 37-44.
Crocitto, M.ve Youssef, M. (2003). The Human Side of Organizational Agility. Industrial Management ve Data Systems, 103(6), ss.388-397
Çolakoğlu, Ö. M. ve Büyükekşi, C. (2014). Açımlayıcı Faktör Analiz Sürecini Etkileyen Unsurların Değerlendirilmesi. Karaelmas Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), ss. 58-64
Downes, L.,ve Nunes, P. (2014). Big bang disruption: Strategy in the age of devastating innovation. New York, NY: Portfolio/Penguin
Dubey, R.ve Gunasekaran, A. (2014). Agile manufacturing: framework and its empirical validation. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 76(9), ss.2147- 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6455-6
Ebrahimpour, H., Salarifar, M. ve Asiaei, A. (2012). The Relationship between agility capabilities and organizational performance: a case study among home appliance factories in Iran. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(17), ss.186-95.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments. Academy of Management Journal, 32(3): ss. 543-576.
Eisenhardt, K. M.ve Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: what are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10/11), ss.1105-1121
Farokhi, S. ve Rajaeepour, S. (2016) The relationship between management factors and Sharifi-Zhang's agility components in Isfahan Bank Saderat, International Business Management 10(19), ss.4530-4539
Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics using SPSS, Third Edition, London, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
Ganguly, A., Nilchiani, R. ve Farr, J. V. (2009). Evaluating agility in corporate enterprises. International Journal of Production Economics, 118(2), ss. 410-423. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2008.12.009)
Goldman, S.L., Nagel, R.N. ve Preiss, K. (1995). Agile Competitors and Virtual Organizations: Strategies for enriching the customer, Van no strand rein hold, New York.
Gunasekaran, A.ve Yusuf, Y.Y. (2002), Agile Manufacturing: A Taxonomy of Strategic and Technological Imperatives, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 40, No. 6, ss.1357-1385.
Hinkin, T. R(1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21, (5), ss. 967-988.
Hormozi M. Amir (2001). Agile Manufacturing: The Next Logical Step, Benchmarking: An International Journal, Vol.8 No.2, ss. 132-143.
Hoyt, J., Huq, F. ve Kreiser, P. (2007). Measuring organizational responsiveness: the development of a validated survey instrument. Management Decision, 45(10), ss. 1573-1594.
Huang, C. C. (1999). An agile approach to logical network analysis in decision support systems. Decision Support Systems, 25(1), ss. 53-70. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9236(98)00091-8)
Jain, V., Benyoucef, L. ve Deshmukh, S.G. (2008). What’s the Buzz about Moving from “Lean” to “Agile” Integrated Supply Chains? A Fuzzy Intelligent Agent-Based Approach”, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 46, No. 23, ss. 6649-6677.
Kantse, Outi, Jouko Miettunen ve Helvi Kyngas (2007). “Psychometric Properties of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Among Nurses”. Jan Research Methodology 57(2), ss.201-212.
Karagöz, Y. ve Kösterelioğlu, İ. (2008). İletişim Becerileri Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin Faktör Analizi Metodu ile Geliştirilmesi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21, ss. 81-98.
Kasap, G. C. ve Peker, D. (2009). Çevik Üretim: Otomotiv Ana Sanayinde Faaliyet Gösteren Bir İşletmenin Çevikliğinin Ortaya Konmasına Yönelik Bir Araştırma 8 (27), ss. 57-78.
Kassim, N. M.ve Zain, M. (2004). Assessing the measurement of organizational agility. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 4(1/2), ss. 174-177.
Kettunen, P. (2009). Adopting key lessons from agile manufacturing to agile software product development—A comparative study. Technovation, 29(6), ss.408-422
Koçyiğit, Y. (2018) Firmaların Örgütsel Esnekliği, Kullandıkları Rekabet Stratejileri ve Algılanan Rekabet Üstünlüğü Arasındaki Etkileşim: Türkiye’nin En Büyük 500 Sanayi İşletmesinde Bir Uygulama (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
Latham, L. J. (2014). Organizational agility: Exploring impact of adoption on team performance from the human resource perspective(Doktora Tezi).
Lin, C.T., Chiu, H. ve Chu, P.Y. (2006), Agility Index in the Supply Chain, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 100, No. 2, ss. 285-299.
Lopes, K. J. (2009). Organizational agility: Exploring how the U.S. coast guard chooses and implements effective courses of action(Doktora Tezi). (http://www.proquest.com . No:304831927)
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S. ve Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological methods, 4(1), ss.84-99
Maskell, B. (2001). The age of agile manufacturing, supply chain management. An International Journal, Vol. 6, No.1, ss. 5-11.
Mason, A. J. (2010). Inside the black box: Investigating agility as a dynamic capability for sustaining a competitive advantage within consulting firms(Doktora Tezi). (http://www.proquest.com . No:807420305)
Mohammadi, M., Nikpour, A. ve Chamanifard, R. (2015). The Relationship between Organizational Agility and Employee’s Productivity (Case Study: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Iran), ss.66-70
Mulhern, J. K. (2008). An exploratory case study of organizational agility in a consortium of small private college libraries (Doktora Tezi). (http://www.proquest.com . No:304404536)
Nagel, R. N.ve Bhargava, P. (1994). Agility: the ultimate requirement for world‐class manufacturing performance. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 13(3), ss.331-340.
Nath, A. K., Saha, P., ve Salehi-Sangari, E. (2008). Transforming Supply Chains in Digital Content Delivery: A Case Study in Apple. In Research and Practical Issues of Enterprise Information Systems II (ss. 1079-1089). Springer, Boston, MA.
Nejatian, M. ve Hossein Zarei, M. (2013). Moving Towards Organizational Agility: Are We Improving in the Right Direction?. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 14(4), ss.241–253.
Özbay,T. (2004) İstanbul Ticaret Odası, Yayın No: 2004-27 İstanbul, (http://www.ito.org.tr/itoyayin/0023185.pdf).
Prahalad, C. K.,ve Hamel, G. (1990) The Core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(3),ss.79-91.
Putnik, G.D. (2001) BM-Virtual Enterprise Architecture Reference Model, Agile Manufacturing: The 21st Century Competitive Strategy, Elsevier Science, ss. 73-94.
Setili, A. (2014). The Agility Advantage: How To Identify And Act On Opportunities in A Fastchanging World (http://www.eblib.com).
Shafer, R. A., Dyer, L., Kilty, J.,Amos, J. ve Ericksen, J. (2001). Crafting A Human Resource Strategy To Foster Organizational Agility: A case study. Human Resource Management, 40(3), ss. 197–211, (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2003.1207061).
Shahaei, B. (2008). Paradigm Of Agility, Definitions, Features And Concepts. Tadbir Publication, 194th Issue, ss.14-18.
Sharifi, H. ve Zhang, Z. (1999). A Methodology For Achieving Agility In Manufacturing Organisations: An Introduction. International journal of production economics, 62(1), ss. 7-22
Sharifi, H. ve Zhang, Z. (2001). Agile manufacturing in practice—application of a methodology. International Journal of Operations and Production Management 21 (5–6), ss.772–794.
Sharifi, H., Colquhoun, G., Barclay, I. ve Dann, Z. (2001). Agile Manufacturing: A Management And Operational Framework. Proceedings of The Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Part B -- Engineering Manufacture (Professional Engineering Publishing), 215(6), ss.857-869
Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques, New York, John Willey & Sons. Inc.
Sharp, J.M., Irani, Z. ve Desai, S. (1999). Working towards Agile Manufacturing in the UK Industry, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 62, No. 1/2, ss. 155-169.
Sherehiy, B., Karwowski, W. ve Layer, J. K. (2007). A review of enterprise agility: Concepts, frameworks, and attributes. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 37(5), ss. 445-460.
Sukati, I., Hamid, A. B., Baharun, R., Yusoff, R. M., ve Anuar, M. A. (2012). The effect of organizational practices on supply chain agility: An empirical investigation on Malaysia manufacturing industry. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, ss. 274-281.
Sümer, N. (2000 ). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar, Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3, ss. 49-74.
Şahin, E., Çemberci, M., Civelek, M. E. ve Uca, N. (2017). The Role of Agility in the Effect of Trust in Supply Chain on Firm Performance. Management Studies. 5, ss. 336-345.
Tabak, A., Polat, M., Coşar, S. ve Türköz, T. (2012). Otantik Liderlik Ölçeği: Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. İş, Güç: The Journal of Industrial Relations & Human Resources, 14(4), ss.89-106
Tabak, A., Sigri, Ü., & Türköz, T. (2013). Öz Liderlik Ölçeginin Türkçeye Uyarlanmasi Çalismasi. Bilig, 67, 213-246
Tan, B. (1998). Agile Manufacturing And Management Of Variability. International Transactions in Operational Research, 5(5), ss. 375-388. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475 3995.1998.tb00121)
Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara.
Teece, D., Pisano, G. ve Shuen A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities And Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal 18: ss. 509-533.
Van Assen,M.F.,Hans, E.W. ve Van De Velde (2001). An agile planning and control framework for customer-order driven discrete parts manufacturing environments, International Journal of Agile Management Systems, Vol. 2, No. 1, ss. 16-23.
Volberda, H. W. (1996). Toward the flexible form: How to remain vital in hypercompetitive environments. Organization science, 7(4), ss. 359-374.
Winter, S. G. (2003). Understanding dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), ss. 991-995.
Zaheer, A. ve Zaheer, S. (1997). Catching the Wave: Alertness, Responsiveness, and the Market Influence in Global Electronic Networks. Management Science, 43(11), ss.1493-1509.
Zhang, D. Z. (2011). Towards theory building in agile manufacturing strategies—Case studies of an agility taxonomy. International Journal of Production Economics, 131(1), ss. 303-312.
Zhang, Z. ve Sharifi, H. (2000). A Methodology for Achieving Agility in Manufacturing Organisations, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 20, No. 4, ss.496-513.
Zwick, W. R.ve Velicer, W. F. (1986). Comparison Of Five Rules For Determining The Number Of Components To Retain, Psychological Bulletin, 99(3), ss.432-442.