Mehmet Erman ERDEMLİ, Nurhan ŞAHİN, Yusuf TURKOZ, Ismet YİLMAZ, Muslum AKGOZ, Kamuran CİNAR, Yilmaz CİGREMİS

The possible hepatoprotective effect of apricot against acrylamide induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible toxic effects of sub-chronic doses of acrylamide taken withdrinking water on liver tissue and to test the preventive role of 5% organic dried apricot as diet supplement, in female SpragueDawley rats.Materials and Methods: Forty female Spraque Dawley rats were divided into 4 equal groups as follows: control group (C) animals were fed with normal rat chow and tap water, apricot group (A) animals were fed with chow contain %5 apricot and tap water, acrylamide group (AA) animals were fed with normal rat chow and acrylamide at approximately 500 μg/kg/day via tap water, acrylamide+apricot group (AA+A) animals were fed with chow contain 5% apricot and approximately 500 μg/kg/day acrylamide via drinking water. The study procedure was maintained during 12 weeks experiment period. At the end of the study, samples of liver tissue were collected for biochemical, histopathological and molecular analyses.Results: In this study, comparison of acrylamide group liver tissue GSH levels and GSH-Px activities were found lower whencompared to the control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups based on GST activity, histopathological results and GST-Pi gene expression mRNA levels (p < 0.05).Conclusion: It could be stated that acrylamide, at approximately 500 μg/kg/day, ingested by rats were detoxified by the liver without resulting any liver tissue damage and application of acrylamide with sun-dried organic apricot did not change any significant molecular, histopathological and biochemical parameters in the liver.

PDF

___

Bowyer JF, Latendresse JR, Delongchamp RR, Warbritton AR, Thomas M, Divine B, et al. The mRNA expression and histological integrity in rat forebrain motor and sensory regions are minimally affected by acrylamide exposure through drinking water. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009;240(3):401-11.
Bowyer JF, Latendresse JR, Delongchamp RR, Muskhelishvili L, Warbritton AR, Thomas M et al. The effects of subchronic acrylamide exposure on gene expression, neurochemistry, hormones, and histopathology in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis of male Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008;230(2): 208-15.
Mei N, Guo L, Tseng J, Dial SL, Liao W, Manjanatha MG. Gene expression changes associated with xenobiotic metabolism pathways in mice exposed to acrylamide. Environ Mol Mutagen 2008; 49(9):741–5.
Zhu YJ, Zeng T, Zhu YB, Yu SF, Wang QS, Zhang LP, et al. Effects of acrylamide on the nervous tissue antioxidant system and sciatic nerve electrophysiology in the rat. Neurochem Res 2008;33(11):2310-7.
Catalgol B, Ozhan G, Alpertunga B. Acrylamide-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009;28(10):611–7.
Erdemli ME, Doğan Z, Çiğremiş Y, Akgöz M, Altınöz E, Geçer M et al. Amelioration of subchronic acrylamide toxicity in large intestine of rats by organic dried apricot intake. Turk J Biol 2015;39:872-8.
Awasthi YC, Singh SV, Goel SK, Reddy JK. Irreversibl inhibition of hepatic glutathione S-transferase by ciprofibrate, peroxisome proliferator.Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984;123(3):1012–8.
Moody DE, Narloch BA, Shull LR, Hammock BD. The effect of structually divergent herbicides on mouse liver xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (P-450-dependent mono-oxygenases, epoxide hydrolases and glutathione S-transferases) and carnitine acetyltranferase. Toxicol Lett 1991;59(1-3):175–85.
Davies MH, Schnell RC. Comparison of basal glutathione S-transferase activities and of the influence of phénobarbital, butylated hydroxy-anisole or 5,5'- diphenylhydantoin on enzyme activity in male rodents. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1987;88(1):91-3.
Dixit R, Husain R, Mukhtar H, Seth PK. Acrylamide induced inhibition of hepatic glutathione-S-transferase activity in rats. Toxicol Lett 1981;7(3):207-10.
Awad ME, Abdel-Rahman MS, Hassan SA. Acrylamide toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicol in Vitro 1998;12(6):699-704.
Yousef MI, El-Demerdash FM. Acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and biochemical perturbations in rats. Toxicology 2006;219(1-3):133-41.
Van Lieshout EM, Bedaf MM, Pieter M, Ekkel C, Nijhoff WA, Peters WH. Effects of dietary anticarcinogens on rat gastrointestinal glutathione S-transferase theta 1–1 levels. Carcinogen 1998;19(11):2055-7.
Board PG, Coggan M, Chelvanayagam G, Easteal S, Jermiin LS, Schulte GK, et al. Identification characterization and crystal structure of the Omega class glutathione transferases. J Biol Chem 2000;275(32):24798–806.
Commandeur JN, Stijntjes GJ, Vermeulen NP. Enzymes and transport systems involved in the formation and disposition of glutathione S-conjugates. Pharmacol Rev 1995;47(2):271-330.
Dekant W, Vamvakas S. Glutathione-dependent bioactivation of xenobiotics. Xenobiotica 1993;23(8):873-87.
Testa B, Kramer SD. The Biochemistry of Drug Metabolism. An Introduction: Part 2. Redox Reactions and Their Enzymes. Chem Biodiver 2007;4(3):257-405.
Testa B, Kramer SD. The Biochemistry of Drug Metabolism. An Introduction: Part 4. Reactions of Conjugation and Their Enzymes. Chem Biodiver 2008;5(11):2171-336.
Sanchez AR, Almeida A. Medina JM. Oxidative stress in preterm rat brain is due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Pediat Res 2002;51(1):34–9.
Nordberg J, Arner ES. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Radic Bio Med 2001;31(11):1287–312.
Davies KJ, Delsignore ME. Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. III. Modification of secondary and tertiary structure. J Biol Chem1987;262(20):9908-13.
Genestra M. Oxyl radicals, redox-sensitive signalling cascades and antioxidants. Cell Signal 2007;19(9):1807-19.
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(∆∆C(T) method. Methods 2001;25(4):402-8.
Fatemi F, Allameh A, Dadkhah A, Forouzandeh M, Kazemnejad S, Sharifi R. Changes in hepatic cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity and expression of its class-P during prenatal and postnatal period in rats treated with aflatoxin B1. Arch Toxicol 2006;80(9):572-9.
Wang XT, Liu PY, Tang JB. PDGF gene therapy enhances expression of VEGF and bFGF genes and activates the NF-κB gene in signal pathways in ischemic flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117(1):129-37.
Lowry OH, Rosenbraugh NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ, Protein measurement with the folin-phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193(1):265-75.
Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione Stransferase the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 1974;249(22):7130–9.
Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82(1):70-7.
Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 1967;70(1):158-69.
Kan T. An Investigation of Structural Changes of Locally Grown Varieties of Apricot Fruits. Master thesis, Inonu University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences 2005;58.
Hayes JD, McLellan LI. Glutathione and glutathionedependent enzymes represent a co-ordinately regulated defence against oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 1999;31(4):273-300.
Meister A, Larsson A. Glutathione synthetase deficiency and other disorders of the γ-glutamyl cycle. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, editors. The metabolic basis of inherited disease. 6th ed. New York: McGrawHill 1989;855–68.
Favor J, Shelby MD.Transmitted mutational events induced in mouse germ cells following acrylamide or glycidamide exposure. Mutat Res 2005;580(1-2):21-30.
Dearfield KL, Douglas GR, Ehling UH, Moore MM, GA, Brusick DJ. Acrylamide: a review of its genotoxicity and an assessment of heritable genetic risk. Mutat Res 1995;330(1-2):71-99.
Zyzak DV1 , Sanders RA, Stojanovic M, Tallmadge DH, Eberhart BL, Ewald DK, et al. Acrylamide formation in heated foods. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51(16):4782-7.
Mottram DS, Wedzicha BL, Dodson AT. Acrylamide is formed in the Maillard reaction. Nature 2002;419(6906):448-9.
Stadler RH, Blank I, Varga N, Robert F, Hau J, Guy PA, et al. Acrylamide from Maillard reaction products. Nature 2002;419(6906):449-50.
Galati EM, Mondello MR, Lauriano ER, Taviano MF, Galluzzo M, Miceli N. Opuntiaficus indica (L.) Mill. fruit juice protects liver from carbon tetrachloride-induced injury. Phytother Res 2005;19(9):796–800.
Williams C. Healthy eating: clarifying advice about fruitand vegetables. BMJ 1995;310(6992):1453-5.
Howard LR, Pandjaitan N, Morelock T, Gil MI. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of as affectedby genetics and growing season. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50(21):5891-6.
Vardi N, Parlakpinar H, Ozturk F, Ates B, Gul M, Cetin A, et al. Potent protective effect of apricot and βcarotene on methotrexate-induced intestinal oxidativedamage in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46(9):3015-22.
Akinci MB, Olmez HA. Kayısı In: Malatya Tarim Il Mudurlugu, 2004 Malatya, Turkey.