Yuksel ERSOY, Tulay YİLDİRİM, Hacer DOĞRU GÜNDÜZ

Sarcopenia and clinical presentation

Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive generalized loss of muscle function, quality, strength and mass. Although it is known as a primary geriatric disease, it may also develop in younger individuals secondary to immobilization, malnutrion and cachexia. The exact etiology is unknown, but the most commonly suggested contributory factors are a decrease in protein synthesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen products, chronic inflammation, nutritional deficiency, loss of perfusion, age-related neuromuscular alterations, decrease in sex hormone, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and vitamin D levels together with physical inactivity.There are severe negative effects on quality of life and the individual’s socio-economic status and thus, sarcopenia is a significant public health problem. Sarcopenia is strongly correlated with the increased fragility that develops in the elderly and is a significant risk factor and also an indicator of disability and mortality. The evaluation of muscle strength and physical performance is mandatory for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Despite the lack of a definitive treatment method, the most commonly accepted approaches include physical activity, nutritional supplementation therapy, and hormonal and new pharmacological agents. In this review sarcopenia, which is a common but sometimes misdiagnosed condition in clinical practice, is discussed in the light of current knowledge.

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