Melih BAŞARANER, Caner GÜNEY, Ahmet Özgür DOĞRU, Merve KESKİN

Kartografik Gösterimlerin Kullanılabilirliğinin Ölçülmesinde Nörobilişsel Yöntemler

Bilişsel teori ve yöntemlerin; haritaların ve bilişsel süreçlerin anlaşılması amacı taşıyan harita uygulamaları, bilişsel kartografyanın konusudur. Kullanıcıların kartografik bir gösterimle etkileşime girdiğinde sergilediği davranışlar, mekan algısı ve bilişsel süreçler kullanılabilirlik ölçme ve değerlendirmeleriyle tespit edilebilmektedir. Kullanıcı merkezli tasarımların (User Centered Design (UCD)) yapılabilmesi için kullanılabilirlik testlerinden elde edilen sonuçların temel başlangıç ölçütleri olarak değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Kullanılabilirlik yöntemlerini nitel ve nicel olarak gruplandırmak mümkündür. Nicel yöntemlerden sıklıkla kullanılan göz izleme (eye tracking) ve kartografik alanda çok az çalışmada yararlanılan fMRI (fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme) teknolojileri nörobilişsel ölçme ve değerlendirmeye imkan tanıdıkları için kullanılabilirlik analizlerine önemli bulgular sağlamaktadır. Beyin aktivitelerini ölçmeye imkan veren görüntüleme yöntemlerinden EEG (elektroensefalogram) de, fMRI gibi kartografik kullanılabilirlik araştırmalarına entegre edilebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kartografik ürünlerin kullanılabilirlik analiz yöntemlerinin ve nörobilişsel yöntemlerin bu alanda yapılan araştırmalara ve dolayısıyla UCD'ye sunduğu ve sunacağı katkıların değerlendirilmesidir. Öte yandan Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri'nde yaşanan gelişmeler ile mevcutta birçok farklı disiplinle ortak çalışmalar yürüten geomatik mühendislerinin tıp doktorları ile yeni alanlarda da birlikte çalışması gerektiği, bu çalışma ile bir kez daha vurgulanmıştır

Neurocognitive Methods for Cartographic Usability Research

Implementation of cognitive theory and methods with the aim of understanding maps and cognitive process is the main subject of cognitive cartography. User behaviors when interacting with a cartographic visualization, spatial perception and cognitive procedures can be determined by usability evaluation. The findings of usability tests must be considered as preliminary criteria to achieve a better user-centered design (UCD). Usability methods can be categorized as qualitative and quantitative. Eye tracking -which is one of the most widely used quantitative methodsand fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) -which is used very rare for cartographic purposes- provide significant findings to usability analysis, because they facilitate neurocognitive meausurement and evaluation. Hence, similar to fMRI, EEG (electroencephalogram) method -which enables measuring and evaluation of brain activities- can also be integrated to usability research. This study aims to review cartographic usability research methods and introduce both existing and potential contribution of neuroscience to usability research and UCD. On the other hand, this study emphasize the necessity of working with medical doctors in a new research area, as well as geomatics engineers collaborate with several other disciplines in various fields due to the developments in GIS

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